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16:Tc50,設問の文言に必ずある「最も適切なものを〜」に気づいていますか？

多分誰もが中学の時に（もしかしたら高校でも）、「現代文は消去法だ！」って言われているかもしれません。

しかし、その考えは根底から間違っています。
だって、間違っているものをすべて消去した結果残ったものが正解って。。。
本当にそんなことがあるのでしょうか？

そう言う安直な人間を落とせるように、大学側も問題をひねっています。
それは「正解選択肢を２つ作ること」です。。。

え？ってなったかもしれません。
正解が二つ？

いや、正解が二つあってもいいんですよ。
なぜなら「最も適切なもの」を選ばせるのだから。

適当なものの中から、最も適当なものを選ばせるのであれば、別に正解選択肢が２つあっても問題ないですよね？


では解説したいと思います。
基本的には４択であれば、そのうち１つは大ハズレ。
一つは事実錯誤、もしくは逆情報などで間違い選択肢だとします
残りの二つは、「問題を記述問題にした時に、正解の要素が全て揃っているもの」と「問題を記述問題にした時に、正解の要素がかけてはいるが、概ね正解とは言えるもの」です。


じゃあなぜこういう風な選択肢を作るのかと言うと、「記述問題に近い問題を作りたいから」です。

本当は私立大学だって、できることなら国公立と同様に記述問題を使用したい。、しかし資金獲得のため、受験者数も多くとりたい。ならば、仕方なしに解答方法を簡易化し、マークシート型にするしかない。

じゃあマークシートを記述に近づけるにはどうすればいいか？
そう。記述問題で怪異等を作るときのプロセスと同様の解答方法を、選択式問題でさせればいいことになります。

記述問題の解答の作成手順は、まず傍線部を解析した上で、それの換言、もしくは理由説明に必要な解答根拠をなるべく傍線部付近から探し出してきます。
採点官は、解答根拠がどれだけ記述内容に含まれているかを採点します。その上で文の接続、修飾、論理関係などを見ます。

つまり、記述において探し出してきた解答根拠が全部抜け目なく揃っている、もしくは選択肢の中で一番多いものが「最も適切なもの」なのです。

だから私立文系の国語の参考書でも記述問題を扱っているのです。
記述問題を応用したのが、選択問題なので。

皆さんには選択問題の見方を変えて欲しいです。
４択問題なら、あなた方は４人の記述回答の中で最も高い点数をつけるものはどれなのか？と言う観点で選んでみてください。

多分安定的に点数がとれるはずです。頑張ってください。1d:T1369,こんにちは！

私が思う共通テスト国語の第１問を解くときに大切なことを、２つのポイントに分けてお伝えしますね！


まずは一つ目
「選択肢に目を通すのは、解答の方向性が決まってから」

そもそも、共通テストはお偉いさん方が多くの時間と労力をかけて作り上げるテストです。問題作成者たちは当然のことながら真正面から受験生の読解力を試してきます。だからこそ、選択肢の一つひとつはよく練られていて、文章の理解が曖昧だと、どうしても選択肢に惑わされてしまいます。

そこで、選択肢に惑わされないために、私が実践していたのが、
「解答の方向性が決まってから選択肢に目を通す」という方法です。

先に選択肢を見てしまうと、４つものダミー選択肢に影響されてしまい、本文の理解が崩れてしまう可能性があります。（「５つの中から不適切なものを１つ選べ」、という問題ならこんな心配ないかもしれませんが...）

また、私の場合、二次試験にも国語・評論文が出題される大学を志望していたので、共通テスト対策でありながらも実際に記述で答案を作ってみるという学習方法を取り入れていました。そして、自分が記述した答案と選択肢を照らし合わせながら、マークすべき選択肢を選んでいました。こうすることで、厄介な選択肢に惑わされにくいだけでなく、自身の解答により一層自信が持てるようになると思います！（実際、私はこの手法で国語の得点が上がり、安定するようになりました！）

もし日頃の学習でマーク式の問題に取り組む機会があれば、ぜひ試してみてください！全問題に記述答案を作成するのは結構ハードなので、数問だけピックアップして取り組むといいかもしれません。また、試験本番や模試となると、実際に手を動かして記述答案を作るのは、時間的にやや非現実的かもしれないので、脳内で解答の骨子を作り上げるだけで十分に効果はあるはずです！

結論として、
「選択肢から正解を見つけようとしない」＝「解答は自分で作る」


そして二つ目
「なぜ間違えたのかの分析を怠らない」

これは入試本番ではなく、普段の学習におけるアドバイスです。他の教科においても言えることですが、どうしてもミスとは同じようなものを繰り返してしまいがちです。そのため、自分が陥りがちな過ちを予めわかっておけば、それらを意識しながら問題を解いたり、対策を練ったりすることで、誤答率は格段と下がることが期待できます！

ここでは、私が思いつく限りの分析ポイントの例を、その重要度が高い順に挙げておきますね。

1. 文章の全体要旨が掴めていたか
　これができていないと、ほとんどの問題が不正解なはずです。原因はそのテーマに対する知識不足であったり、苦手意識だったりが考えられます。この場合、例えば演習量を増やすなど抜本的な改善がおすすめです。
2. 言い換え表現が掴めていたか（抽象と具体の関係が掴めていたか）
　「どういうことか」を問う問題は、大抵がこの読解力を試しています。（この回答文でも言い換えや抽象化、具体化をしている部分があるので、ぜひちょっと読み返してみてほしい！）
3. 対比構造が掴めていたか
　二項対立の文章ってかなり多いです。現代社会の文脈では「グローバリズムvsナショナリズム」、芸術の文脈では「ロマン主義vs古典主義」、などなど。本文中の対立構造が掴めていれば長い文章も読みやすくなります。また、根底にはこれが掴めているかを問うている設問も割と多く出題されている印象です。
4. 原因と結果の関係が掴めていたか
　「なぜか」を問う問題は、この読解力を試しているのは言わずもがなですね。とはいえ、因果関係って、明確に示す表現が使われていないと気付きにくかったりします。

以上の点に注意して、自分の読解のクセを見つけて、意識して修正していくことで、正答率は上がっていくのではないでしょうか。


私からの回答はこれでおしまいです。最後まで読んでくださりありがとうございます。少しでも、くみさんをはじめ、ここまで読んでくださった方の学習のお役に立てたら嬉しいです！2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=yDo_X24BTqPwDZPuKUmA","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"二択でいつも"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",41,") コメント(",1,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"11/12 19:53"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark 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になったらクリップしてね！\n個別相談に乗りたいところですが、あいにく今は少し取り込んでいるので。\nなるべく全体相談してください。"}]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://ck.jp.ap.valuecommerce.com/servlet/referral?sid=3364577&pid=884970531&vc_url=http%3A%2F%2Fshingakunet.com%2F%3Fvos%3Dnrmnvccp0000100","rel":"nofollow","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/document_request_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink パンフレットバナー画像","className":"mt-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L18",null,{"id":"adsbygoogle-init-under-advice"}]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between","children":[["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold","children":["コメント(",1,")"]}],["$","$L19",null,{"adviceId":"yDo_X24BTqPwDZPuKUmA"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"divide-y","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"なかなか正解の選択肢が選べない"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"2択まで絞れていて最後間違うというパターンに多いのは、言ってることは正しい2択を選んでるけど、片方には解答に必要な要素が足りない、でもどっちも間違いの記述はないから、それっぽいな、と思って間違っちゃう、というパターンです。\nそういうときは、自分の中で記述問題だったらどんな解答を書くべきかな、ということを考えて、ある程度自分でこんなことが書いてあるやつを選ぼうと決めてから選択肢を見るようにするのがいいと思います。\n質問者さんがおっしゃる通り、単純に言葉の意味がわからないのであれば現代文の単語帳を一冊やってみるのもいいと思いますが、今の時期はそういう次元じゃないし、そもそもそのレベルの人は2択に絞るのも難しいはずなので違うような気がします。\n現代文に正解があるのは、誰がどう見てもそうだ、と確信できる根拠が文中にあるからです。解答を出す時、文中にこう書いてあるからこの答えになるんだ、こっちにこういう描写があるから、この選択肢では不十分なんだ、ズレるんだ、という根拠を自分の中で持つようにして解いていきましょう。それで、解説と合わないところがあればそれは感覚のズレなので矯正していく。そのプロセスを積み重ねることで、今からでも成績は変わると思います。\nファイトです！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary 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mb-1","children":"こんにちは！\n\n自分も受験生の時に同じ悩みを持っていたのでよく分かります。早稲田の最後の二択迷いますよね。\n\n二択の正解率を上げるのには多少コツが要ります。予備校の先生に聞いたやり方で、これをやってから解き方が安定しました。評論も小説も同じやり方でいけます。\n\n1つめは「とにかく本文に忠実なものを選ぶこと」です。一文一文が本文に書いてあることと同じか、それっぽい表現で誤魔化していないかよく確認してください。なんか違うと思ったら線を引いてバツをつけていくといいです。\n\nもう1つのコツは「吟味すること」です。早稲田の最後の2択は、「どちらも間違っていない」という2択がたまにあります。その時は、どちらの方が本文に忠実な良い表現であるかよく吟味してみてください。\n\n最後は、これは解き方ではなく考え方ですが、早稲田の国語の選択問題はいくつかのランクに別れます。具体的には、必ず正解しておきたい知識問題がＡランク、簡単な選択問題がＢランク、最後の二択が難しく、50%の割合で正解したいCランク、難しすぎて差がつかない(法の記述など)Dランクです。\n\n合格に必要なことは、AランクとBランクをしっかり取り、Cランクは半分は取ることです。Cランクが半分しか取れなくても、AとBが取れればおそらく足を引っ張らない点にはなると思います。コツを踏まえて二択を考えても、全部正解することはかなり難しいです。これは難しいと感じたら、2問に1問は合っていればいいかなくらいの気持ちで選んでみてください。そうすれば気が楽になると思いますよ。\n\n過去問の点に関しては、1割増とよく言いますが、自分はいつも1割増取れてた学部に落ちたり6割も怪しかった学部に受かったりしたので、あんまり得点率を考えすぎない方がいいです。年によって難易度もかなり違います。\n強いて言うなら平均して7割前後取れるなら合格圏内だと思います。どの年のを解いても5割という場合は少し厳しいかもしれません。法の方が文と文構より得点率は下がると思います。教育も意外と文文構より難しいです。\n\nあとは実践です！週に一回はどの学部でもいいので過去問解きましょう。応援しています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"スランプの対処"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"【某今でしょについて】\n\nその通りだと思います。\n現代文、英語は顕著だと思います。\n過去問で得点がキチンと取れるようになっていれば問題ありません。\n\n\n－－－－－－－－－－－\n\n【センター英語】\n\n文法問題は高校レベルだと消去法でしか解けないように設定している問題もあります。\nパッと見てパッと答えられる問題ではなく、「頭を使って考えろ！」というメッセージが明らかに込められています。\n過去問で文法ミスしたら、ネイティブに質問してみましょう。赤本や黒本の解説は大抵蛇足的な説明が多く、芯を捉えていないです。青本はまだマシって感じです。\n\n長文読解も同様で、消去法で考えさせることが多いです。\n全ての問題を積極法で解ける受験生がいたら、ヤバいと思います。。。\n\nあと、裏ワザ的な言い方を敢えてすると\n「センター英語は本文中に全く現れない単語を用いた選択肢が正解選択肢」です。\n大問6で顕著です。\n(リスニングもそうなっています)\n\nその他の選択肢は\n「因果関係がおかしい」\n「筆者の主張と異なる(言い過ぎパターン)」\n「目的と手段を取り違えている」\nということが多く、これらは本文中の単語を用いてそれっぽい選択肢に仕上げています。\n\n\n－－－－－－－－－－－\n\n【まとめ】\n\n模試の悪かったところは、覚えなければいけない事項を覚えるのに役立てる程度にしておきましょう。\n過去問が取れれば全然OKです。\n\nセンター英語は持っている知識を使って、さらに論理的に考えさせる試験です。\n消去法を使わざるを得ない、ということを知っておきましょう。\nネイティブに質問したら、一番納得のいく考え方が得られます。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"すべて選びなさい問題"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは！\n現在東京大学理科二類に通っています。ホルムンクスと申します。私も東大を生物で受験しましたので、質問者様と同じ悩みを経験したことがあります。ここではどのようにしてそれを乗り越えたかをお伝えさせて頂きたいと思います。よろしくお願いいたします。\n\nまず、そもそも複数選択するタイプの問題の一般的な対処法についてです。ここでの鉄則が、｢合っているか微妙な選択肢は選ばない｣というものです。恐らく本番の試験や模試では、答えには含まれない余分な選択肢を選択してしまうとそれだけで減点されてしまいます。（そうでなければ全ての選択肢を選べば満点をとれてしまう）そうするとせっかく正しく選べた選択肢の点数が無駄になってしまいます。なので、この手の問題では確実な選択肢だけを選び、失点を最小限に抑えましょう。\n\n次に、主に生物についてこのタイプの問題の対策についてお伝えします。東大の本試験や冠模試では、選択系の知識問題は大問題の1番初めの問題で聞かれることが多い得点源であり、その上この問題の出来によってその後の問題を解く際のメンタルにも影響するため、必ず正解したい問題です。しかしここではかなり細かい知識を要します。その対策としましては、やはり地道に知識の穴を無くしていくことです。例えば模試の過去問で類題を解いてみて、間違っている選択肢を正しく訂正できるようになることを目指しましょう。また、その範囲の資料集や教科書を読み込んで知らなかった知識をノートにまとめ、後から定期的に復習するなどすることで、知識を少しづつ固めて行くことをオススメします。\nつまり、「問題で出てくる度に復習」することを意識することで、たくさんの問題演習を積めばこの種の問題できちんと正解へたどり着けるようになると思います。\n\nちなみに、小手先のアドバイスとして、｢全く～ない｣や、「全て～する」などと言い切っている選択肢は間違っていることが多いです。（あくまで傾向ですが）\n\n以上が複数選択問題への向き合い方と対策になります。繰り返しになりますが、やはり知識は地道な繰り返しによって身につくものだと思います。大変な道のりになるかもしれませんが、影ながら応援しています。頑張ってください💪"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"読解力と解答力"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"私もそのような時はありました。とっても共感できます。\n7_7さん、少し考えて欲しいのですが、英語の試験は、内容を完全に把握するものではないですよね？\n極端に言ってしまえば、答えに結びつくところだけ見つけて読むことができれば満点が取れます。（もちろんそんなことはしませんが）\n\n何が言いたいかというと、\n\n試験は点数を取るものだということです。\n\n文章全体の理解ができることに越したことはないですが、それたけでは不十分です。\n7_7さんのような状況は皆さんがなりやすいものだと思います。それは、全体的な理解はできていても、局所的な理解ができていないからです。\n\nそれを克服するのに私は、解き方を変えました。\nその解き方とは、まず、選択肢を見ずに設問を読む。そして本文を読み始め、設問の答えになっていそうなところまで読み、答える。\n\nこれを設問ごとに繰り返すだけです。\n\nこれの何が良いかというと、細かい設問に間違わなくなることです。\n\n答えを見たら、あーそうだよなってなるということは、その答えの可能性を考慮したが、明確な根拠がなかったからではないでしょうか。\nそれならば、私が示したような、設問ごとに区切って各問ごとに根拠を持ちながら解凍するのが良いと思います。\n\nもし、すでに問題ごとに区切っているのなら、もう少し問題用紙を汚してみてはいかがでしょうか。\n選択肢の中で、ここはダメ、ここはあってる、ここはよくわかんないというように、自分でわかりやすいようにマークすると、もっと選択肢を絞りやすくなると思います。\n\nぜひ試してみてください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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