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19:Tfc1,あるぶるさん、こんにちは。

今回は英語の和訳問題、説明問題の大きく2つに分けて解説していければと思います。

◎和訳問題

なぜいつも和訳で減点されてしまうのでしょうか。逆に、"減点されない"和訳とはなんでしょうか？まず初めに、"減点されない"和訳というのを説明したいと思います。

★"減点されない"和訳
①原文と違わない(構文把握、単語)
②原文なしで分かる(文脈)
③日本語として正しい

①、減点の多くはここです。構文がとれてなかった、単語の訳を間違えた、などなどキリがないです。単語を間違えれば当然減点されますし、構文も取れていなければ減点されます。

②、単語、構文は分かっているのに点がこない。それは文脈がとれていないからです。試しに、次の一文を訳してみてください。
I don't like him because he is rich.

どのように訳したでしょうか。
･彼は金持ちなので私は彼が好きではない
このように訳しましたか？これは正解です。ですがこのようにも訳せるのではないでしょうか。

･彼が彼を好きなのは彼が金持ちだからではない
これも正解です。これは所謂"否定の範囲"というやつですが、何が言いたいかというと文脈で英語の訳はいくらでも変化するということです。これだけでなく代名詞が何を指すのか、なども意識しなければ当然減点対象です。

③、傍線部中に"black-and-white television"と出てきたらどう訳しますか？当然、"白黒テレビ"と訳すと思います。しかし英語を直訳すれは"黒白テレビ"のはずです。これが"日本語として正しい"ということです。

英語の訳に意訳、直訳などというものはなくて、すべては上の3点です。上の3点がクリアされていれば減点されることは絶対にありません。とくに②、③は以後気をつけてみてください。

◎説明問題

説明問題については、回答作成の手順を解説したいと思います。

★説明問題の回答作成手順
①該当箇所の発見
②字数調整
③文末表現チェック

①、説明問題で点がこない大半はここが間違えています。説明問題の基本のキは該当箇所の発見です。どの模試の解説を読んでも、どの過去問を解いても、ほぼ必ず回答の根拠となる"該当箇所"があります。ここを外せば点はまず来ません。ですが心配することはありません。逆に言えば、該当箇所さえ発見してしまえばあとはそこをうまく訳すだけです。見つけた瞬間、"しめた！"と思ってください。

②、多くの説明問題にはこんな条件がついているのではないでしょうか。"𓏸𓏸字以内で" "𓏸𓏸字程度で"
これらの条件は、"ヒント"です。問題作成者がこのくらいかな、という目安をつけてくれているということです。これは該当箇所の発見に大きく役立ちます。また、"𓏸𓏸字以内"とは"-1割~ちょうど"、"𓏸𓏸字程度"とは"±1割"が一般的です。

③、ここで減点されてはもったいない。
「~な理由はなぜか」ときたら「~だから。」と書かなければいけないし、「~とはどういうことか」ときたら「~ということ。/~こと。」と書かなければいけません。最後に必ず文末表現のチェックを行いましょう。

和訳、説明問題はこれさえ押さえれば必ず得点源になります。ぜひ今回紹介したことを頭に入れたうえで模試などの解き直しを再度してみてください。こうすればよいのか、というのが分かるはずです。

応援してます、頑張ってください。1b:T1b43,　筆者の主張を判別するために意識すべき点についていくつか書こうと思います。

①断定的な表現について
　例えば、「勉強において有酸素運動がもたらす恩恵は大きい。」という文と、「勉強において有酸素運動がもたらす恩恵は大きいのである。」という文では、後者の方がより断定的な表現です。断定的な表現は、それだけその分の内容に強みを持たせる働きがあり、文章の書き手からすれば、自分が読者に伝えたい内容ほど、無意識にそれを強めるべく断定的な表現を使ってしまいます。私も実際、大学でレポート課題を何度も課されては書いてきましたが、最も伝えたい結論部分などは無意識に断定的な表現を使ってしまいます。なので、「～なのである」「～のである」「～なのだ」といった、断定的な表現があったら、筆者の主張はここではないかと疑ってみましょう。

②接続詞について
　例えば、(A)「朝食を食べることによって、外部からの刺激を受け、目が覚める」、(B)「一日三食をちゃんと食べることが健康維持には大事である」、(C)「咀嚼は一定のリズムで体を動かすリズム運動のうち最も手軽なもので、これにより、脳内にセロトニンが分泌され、目覚めも良くなり頭もすっきりする」という３つの文章があったとします。これだけでは、どの文も重要性においては同じで、このうち筆者が最も言いたいことは何かということは判別がつきません。しかし、この後に(D)「したがって、朝食は毎朝食べるべきである」と続いた場合はどうでしょうか。「したがって」という因果関係を表す接続詞があることによって、たちまち(A)、(B)、(C)はいずれも(D)を導くための布石に過ぎないことになります。実際の評論文では、例えば(A)という一つの根拠を書くためにも、具体例やさらに(A)自体を導くための根拠などを示し、一つあるいは複数の段落を丸々使って書かれることも多々あります。なので、その情報の重要度や文章全体における役割がなんであるかを意識して読まないと、長い文章に当たった時ほど筆者の主張を見落としやすくなります。これを防ぐために、文と文との間の接続詞に注目し、両者の関係、そして文章全体の構造に常に焦点を当てることを心がけましょう。このほかにも、「要するに」「つまり」など、それ以前の内容をまとめるはたらきの接続詞にも注意しましょう。長い文章ほど、筆者自身が所々で何を言いたいのかをまとめてくれることには大変ありがたく感じます。

③逆接の接続詞には特に注意
　以下の二つを比べてみましょう。
(a)「彼は秀才だが、運動はからきしだめだ。」
(b)「彼は運動はからきしだめだが、秀才だ。」
「彼は秀才だ」という情報と、「彼は運動はからきしだめだ」という情報の伝わる強度が、(a)では後者の方が強く、(b)では逆に前者の方が強く感じると思います。このように、読者にとって逆接の後の情報はそれより前の情報よりも強く伝わります。この性質を利用して、筆者は自分が伝えたい情報を逆接の後にもって来たり、「もちろん～である」と反対意見に譲歩したうえで、「しかし～」と逆接を使って自分の主張を強めたり（譲歩逆接構文）する工夫をします。なので、逆接の接続詞が来たら、その後に書かれている内容にはより一層の注意を払いましょう。
　余談ですが、このように、情報に順序をつけることによって、その伝わる強度に違いをもたせる表現の技巧を、香西秀信さんは『レトリック探究法』内の「事実は『配列』されているか？」において、「順序のレトリック」と称して細かく説明されています。興味のある方は読んでみると面白いかもしれませんね。

④本文の構造について（主に統括のしかた）
　筆者の主張とその根拠が、「（主張）なぜなら、～（根拠）」と書かれるか、「（根拠）したがって～（主張）」と書かれるのかといった違いです。例えば一つの段落があった時に、段落の冒頭で主張が述べられる場合と、段落の末尾で主張が述べられる場合があります。どこに主張があるかで、さっきまで読んでいた内容が何の役割をもっているのかわからなくなる時があります。なので、その文章、その段落において、主張がどこに書かれているのか、すなわち、ひとつの大きな内容についてどこで統括が行われているのかを常に把握するよう努めることが、文章を読むに当たり重要になってきます。

　以上の４点だけでも意識するだけでかなり変わると思います。これら以外にも、評論文を読むために意識すべきことはたくさんあります。上で挙げた点を含め、そのほかの点については、『現代文標準問題精講』（旺文社）に勝る参考書はないと思います。この参考書は、評論文の比重が圧倒的に重いですが、評論文を読むのが苦手だったり、評論文を読む力を極めたいという人には最強の参考書だと個人的には評価しています。私が受験生時代に使った参考書のうち、一番好きな参考書です。参考書を選ぶ際の参考にぜひ。
　最後に、センスで点が取れる人は、幼少期から多くの本を読んでいたりして、その圧倒的な経験による慣れの産物なのか、無意識に重要な部分とそうでない部分が判別できてしまうという人がほとんどだと思います（私の周りではそうでした）。しかし、自分の中でちゃんと根拠をもって情報の重要度を判別できないと、自分がどのように文章を読んでいたのかが自分自身でわからないので、スランプに陥るなどしたときにそこからなかなか復帰できないことがしばしばです。そのため、センスに頼って問題を解くのは、それで満足に点が取れているうちはまだいいとしても、その実かなりのリスクを負っているとも言えます。なので、センスを磨くのではなく、実力を磨くことに重点を置くべきであると私は思います。1c:Tdd1,はじめまして！

比較はよくパターン化されて参考書とかに載っていますが、パターン丸暗記してもいざ実践してみると何が何だか分からないですよね。
私はこれといった参考書に出会わなかったので、私なりの理解のコツを紹介させていただこうと思います。

比較を抑えるコツは一旦文法を離れて状況を整理することです。もちろん文法を無視して読み進めていいという意味ではなく、状況を理解してから文法を元に構文を取って解釈していきます。
状況は具体的に①主体、②対象、③項目、④結果の4点で構成されます。詳細は以下に記述しますが、これはあくまで私個人の理解なのであまり鵜呑みにしすぎないでください(特に表現とか)。

まず①主体から。主体は注目されているものです。英文的にいうと主語に当たります。例文を上げると、
      He is taller than me.
      (彼は私よりも背が高い)
でいうHe(彼)です。

次に②対象ですが、比較対象のことです。比較という以上主体となにか別のものを比べています。その何かです。先の例文でいうme(私)です。
ここで注意なのが、主体と対象は概念的に近しいものということです。例えば、私(I, me)と言葉(word)は概念として全く異なるものなので比較されにくいです(状況によってはありうる)。

次に③項目です。項目は採点基準みたいなものです。
例えば先の例文だと、彼を私と比べている訳ですが、どういう点で比べているかということです。ここだと「背の高さ」になります。
先の｢主体と対象が概念的に同じ｣という説明ですが、より正確に言うと「同じ採点ができる｣かどうかです。「彼」と「私」はどちらも「背の高さ」で採点できます。しかし「単語」は「背の高さ」で採点できません(単語という概念に身長はないですもんね)。
逆に言うと、全く異なる概念同士でも同じ採点ができるとしあと対象の関係になれます。例えば、
      His face was more blue than sky.
      (彼の顔は空よりも青かった)
という文において「彼の顔」と「空」は全く異なる概念ですが、「青さ」という採点ができるので主体と対象の関係になってます。

最後に④結果です。これは単純で、採点の結果です。
1番初めの例文でいう、「どちらが背が高かったのか」です。この文だと主体の「彼」の方が背が高かったので、「more tall→taller」となっています。もし私の方が背が高かったら「less tall」になっていたか主体と対象が入れ替わっていました。

以上4点でした。
例文では普通の比較級でしたが、同等比較級や最上級でも同じ考え方で理解できます。同等比較級だと④結果が「同じくらい」となります。最上級だと②対象が集団になります。
この4点を抑える癖をつければ、比較の英文和訳も迷わないかと思います。

もし意味が分からないとかもっと詳しく説明して欲しいとかあればコメントやメッセージください。
これから暑くなっていきますが、負けずに頑張ってください！2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=xdPqYhv9Psk4zwEX4dJS","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"thatの用法"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",20,") コメント(",0,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"6/21 10:55"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark 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women\n③名詞　ここではthatという文字そのものを意味している\n④関係代名詞　whichにも置き換えられる\n⑤３と同様、指示形容詞\n\nそのほかにも\n\n○代名詞\n特定の物を指し示す\nGive me that.（それをくれ）\nTake that off the table.（それをテーブルから取り除いて）\n\n○指示副詞\nthat + 形容詞 / 副詞 で「そんなに～、それほど～」\nI didn't realize the movie was that long.\n（私は映画がそんなに長いとは気づきませんでした。)\n\n○強調構文\n強調したいものをIt isとthatで挟む\nIt was Mike that saw Alex at the park yesterday.\n（昨日公園でアレックスに会ったのはマイクだった。）\n\nなどもあります\n\n参考になれば幸いです🙌"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L16",null,{"adviserImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_qgQe1M6bzAQ4Ge5gNk9kUUULCoI2.jpg?alt=media&token=5115e69a-a049-457b-8e7c-35416dbdc6d8","adviserName":"そら","adviserDepartment":"早稲田大学教育学部","adviceId":"xdPqYhv9Psk4zwEX4dJS","numberOfFan":10,"clipsAvg":15.4,"adviceRateAvg":4.644444444444445,"profile":"役に立つ丁寧な回答を心がけます。"}]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://ck.jp.ap.valuecommerce.com/servlet/referral?sid=3364577&pid=884970531&vc_url=http%3A%2F%2Fshingakunet.com%2F%3Fvos%3Dnrmnvccp0000100","rel":"nofollow","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/document_request_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink パンフレットバナー画像","className":"mt-4 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"疑問文の訳し方"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"m子さん、はじめまして！\n\n\nその参考書が言いたいことはおそらくですが、前から読みながら訳をする練習をしろ、ということかと思います。\nわざわざ全ての文を日本語に合わせて頭の中で訳をする必要はなくて、好きだリンゴが、というような形で読んでいくと、読む速度が上がるかなと思います。\n\n実際試験中なんかは長文をひと文ずつ構文なんかを解析して訳をする時間はないので、前から読みながら理解をする必要があります。\n\n\n私も英文を読む際は、m子さんが質問で書いてくださったようなことを頭の中でしていました。\nそうやってまずは語順は気にせずに前から日本語に変換して訳を理解していく練習をして、それが出来るようになったら次は前から日本語に変換せずに英語のまま理解できるように練習するとさらに読む速度が速くなります。\n\n具体的には、\nI like appleを「私は好きだリンゴが」としてまずは前から読めるように練習をし、最終的には日本語としてではなく、概念として英語のまま理解できるようになると良いのかなと思います。\n\n\n質問文の中の疑問文に関しては、構文を最初にしっかりと捉えた上で、いつも通り前から日本語訳をして、最終的にそれを疑問文として理解をすれば大丈夫です。\n\nきっちりと区切って疑問文をどこに入れるかを気にする必要はなくて、普通に訳して最後に疑問文として理解する形でいいと思います。\n\n\n\n長くなってしまいましたが、参考になれば幸いです☺️\n質問などがあれば、気軽にコメント欄で聞いてください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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