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1c:T11db,本当は一橋大学の学生の方がお答えになるのが望ましいのでしょうが、少し思ったところがあったので、僭越ながら書かせていただきます。
❶「時代と空間の理解」について
「時代と空間の理解」というのは、仰る通り、年号や地図で横のつながりを意識しながら一つ一つの歴史上の出来事について理解を深めていくことだと思います。ただ、それは単に年号や地図上の場所を覚えればそれで良いというわけでもないと思います。例えば、一つの争いごとについて見てるにしても、①そこには必ずそれを起こした人（あるいは人たち）がいます。そして、彼らがそれを引き起こさなければならなかった原因も必ずあるはずです。ここでまず、なぜその人たちがその争いごとを引き起こしたのかについて考えるとき、その争いごとが起きた時代にはどんな政治体制（支配者と被支配者の力関係など）が実施されていたのかとか、あるいはその時代の人々の生活はどのようなものだったのか（豊かだったのか貧しかったのかなど）とかのような時代的特徴が一つの大きなカギになります。また、その地域に特有の地理的事情があって、それが原因となる可能性も考えられます。②それから、原因がわかれば、自然その出来事の性質もわかるようになります。例えば過去に、絶対王政的な支配関係が確立されていた国で、人々が理不尽な抑圧に耐えかねて権力者に対して武力闘争を仕掛けたとしましょう。このとき、この出来事の性質は、簡単に言えばクーデターであることは自然にわかるでしょう。③そして、その出来事を受けてその後の時代状況がどのように変化したのか、ということも重要です。なぜなら、一定の長期的な流れを持つ国ほど、そこで起きた出来事がその後に起きる出来事にいくらか影響を与えるからです。例えば、ある国家のある時代の皇帝はこういう政治体制を実施し、こういった政策や行動をしたというとき、なぜそのような政治状況になったのかといえば、その前の皇帝の時代に、そのような政治状況に変える必要性を感じさせるほどの出来事があったからだという場合は十分に考えられます。以上のように、①その出来事を引き起こした主体、②その出来事の性質に注目することで「なぜその時代にその地域でその出来事が起こらなければならなかったのか」を明らかにするとともに、③その出来事が当時の人々にどのように受け止められ、その後の時代状況にどのような影響を与えたのか、ということにも注目することによって、歴史上の知識にどんどん関係性を持たせ、ストーリーや流れを掴んでいく。これが、「時代と空間を理解する」ということなのではないでしょうか。そして、教科書や参考書を読むときなんかは、こういったてんに着目して読んでいけば、歴史に対する理解も深まっていくのではないでしょうか。
❷論述の勉強法
京大志望の時代に、論述の勉強をしていました。その方法とは、任意の学校の添削課題で世界史論述のやつがあったので、それを取りました。具体的には、Z会の『世界史論術のトレーニング』のうち指定された問題を解き、自己添削したのち、それを先生に提出すると、後で先生がさらにそれを確認・補足的に添削したものが返ってくるという感じでした。京大は300字ですが、一橋はさらにきつく400字ということで、はじめのうちは手も足も出なくても仕方がないと思います。最初のうちは、教科書を使って解答を書いてみることから始めてもいいと思います。教科書の知識どうしを自分なりに関係づけて解答を書いていくだけでも結構頭を使うので。それでだんだんと慣れてくれば、何も見ずに解いてみるというのを増やしていけば良いと思います。とにかく、まずは400字という圧巻の制限字数に慣れましょう。2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=vEsABnUBTqPwDZPuNKQo","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"日本史 因果関係"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",2,") コメント(",1,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"10/8 11:17"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"UniLink利用者の80%以上は、難関大学を志望する受験生です。これまでのデータから、偏差値の高いユーザーほど毎日UniLinkアプリを起動することが分かっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L13",null,{"clientImageUrl":null,"clientUserName":"おたき","infoString":"高卒 兵庫県 早稲田大学志望","adviceId":"vEsABnUBTqPwDZPuNKQo"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap","children":[["$","div","consultation-part-0",{"children":[null,"よく日本史を学ぶ上で因果関係を意識するのが大切だと聞くのですがそもそも因果関係とはなんなのですか\n根本的にそこが分かりません\nとくに近現代は因果関係が大切だとよく耳にします\nどのようにして勉強するのが良いのでしょうか"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L14",null,{}]}],null]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L15",null,{"adviserImageUrl":null,"adviserName":"翔","adviserDepartment":"慶應義塾大学商学部","adviceId":"vEsABnUBTqPwDZPuNKQo"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"すべての回答者は、学生証などを使用してUniLinkによって審査された東大・京大・慶應・早稲田・一橋・東工大・旧帝大のいずれかに所属する現役難関大生です。加えて、実際の回答をUniLinkが確認して一定の水準をクリアした合格者だけが登録できる仕組みとなっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap mb-4","children":[["$","div","advice-part-0",{"children":[null,"因果関係というのは、まぁ簡単に言ってしまえば、なぜどうして、ということだと思います。なぜそれが起こったのか、それが起こったことでどうなったのか、これが因果関係です。近現代ではたしかに因果関係が大切です。例えば、近現代ではいろいろな経済対策が行われますが、その時の経済状況さえ知っていればどのような経済対策が行われるかが分かります。なぜなら経済を悪くしようとする政治家はいないからです。経済を良くするという結果から、当時の経済状況(インフレ、デフレetc)を考慮すれば、どういう政策が行われるかがわかるということです。その逆もまた然りです。近現代ではこのような因果関係が分かれば、より理解が強まり、暗記ではなく思考によって歴史を辿ることができます。\nどのように勉強すればいいか、という質問ですが、このような因果関係を意識しながらテキストや教科書を読み込むしかないと思います。慶應の経済など、記述がある学部を受ける場合は因果関係がわかっていないとかなり厳しいと思いますので、もし受けるのであれば因果関係を意識しながらの勉強に取り組んでみてください。"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L16",null,{"adviserImageUrl":null,"adviserName":"翔","adviserDepartment":"慶應義塾大学商学部","adviceId":"vEsABnUBTqPwDZPuNKQo","numberOfFan":17,"clipsAvg":8.296296296296296,"adviceRateAvg":4.333333333333333,"profile":""}]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://ck.jp.ap.valuecommerce.com/servlet/referral?sid=3364577&pid=884970531&vc_url=http%3A%2F%2Fshingakunet.com%2F%3Fvos%3Dnrmnvccp0000100","rel":"nofollow","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/document_request_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink パンフレットバナー画像","className":"mt-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L17",null,{"id":"adsbygoogle-init-under-advice"}]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between","children":[["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold","children":["コメント(",1,")"]}],["$","$L18",null,{"adviceId":"vEsABnUBTqPwDZPuNKQo"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"divide-y","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mr-2","children":["$","$L19",null,{"avatarUrl":null,"contributorName":"おたき","adviceId":"vEsABnUBTqPwDZPuNKQo"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-2","children":["$","$L1a",null,{"contributorName":"おたき","adviceId":"vEsABnUBTqPwDZPuNKQo"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption","children":"10/9 0:48"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap","children":"ありがとうございます🥺🥺\n意識しながら勉強してみます！"}]]}]]}]]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold","children":"よく一緒に読まれている人気の回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"divide-y","children":[["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"/advice/YqWC44phJenCGhwyMt2Q","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"flex items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"日本史 夏までに通史 暗記法と勉強法を知りたい"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"はじめまして、えむと申します。\n日本史選択で早稲田を受験したので、お力になれると思い投稿させていただきます！\n\nはじめに、あくまで私の一意見ですが一問一答だけの勉強は単純暗記オンリーの勉強となってしまう為、それだけで戦うことは入試の際辛くなってしまうかもしれません。\n\n以下私の予備校の先生の言葉ですが、日本史は因果関係で出来ています。単語の暗記で終わらせられるほど単純ではないですし、絶対にそれぞれの出来事に繋がりがあります。それを抑えていくことが受験勉強の際には有効であるかと思います。\n\nぜろしゃんさんが予備校に通われるか分かりませんが、予備校に通うことが可能ならば日本史の授業を取ることを強くおすすめします。\n社会科は自学自習で学べると思われがちですが、それでは因果関係を正しく抑えるのが難しいかと思われます。\n私自身高3になるまでは参考書で日本史の勉強をしていたのでわかりますが、予備校の授業を受けると隠されていた因果関係に気づき、強く驚くことが多くありました。自身の学習じゃ入試には歯が立たないと知り、予備校の授業をとり始めました。結果授業を取って本当に良かったなと思いますし、入試本番も早稲田では8割、MARCHでは9割の得点をすることが出来ました。\n\nここまで予備校の授業を強く勧めましたが、様々な理由で授業をとることが難しい場合もあると思うので、自学自習の際に気をつける点を！\n\n☆出来事同士の因果関係を積極的に考える。（これをやることで、ただ名前を暗記するよりスっと脳内に入ってきます！）\n☆単語の単純暗記をしない。人物名であれば他の出来事に紐付けて暗記をしておく。\n☆自身で歴史の流れを説明できるようになるまで勉強をする。\n\n以上3点が大切になるかと思われます。\n私は授業を受けるまでは実況中継を使用して勉強していました。（あくまで参考程度に！）\n\nぜろしゃんさんの役に立つことを心より願っています。応援しています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"効率のいい予習の仕方 日本史"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"日本史は暗記科目なのですがただ暗記すれば良いというものではありません。歴史の流れや関係性などに注目することでより理解も深まりますし、記憶にも残ります！どういうことか説明しますね！\n\n 例えばの話ですが、\n①56年に日吉駅が出来た。\n②そして84年に小さな町が合併して慶應町が誕生した。\n\n このように２つの歴史的な事柄があったとします。そうした時に間違った勉強法としては、56年日吉駅誕生、84年慶應町誕生。という風にただ単に語句だけ覚えてしまうことです。ここで大切なのはこの２つの事柄の関係性に注目することです。\n\n どういうことかというと、\n①56年に日吉駅が誕生。\n            ↓\n②駅から離れた小さな町の人口が減少\n            ↓\n③84年、小さな町が合併して慶應町が誕生！\n\nこのように関係性を意識していくことで理解が進み記憶にも残り、結果的に効率的に進めることができます！頑張ってください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 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mb-1","children":"前提として日本史は暗記科目ではなく、理解科目です。\nある事件Aが起きた結果　Bという事態を招きさらにBという事態がCを起こすと言ったように、古代から現代まで連続する物語です。\n\n従って物語である以上、「歴史の流れ」が非常に重要になってきます。　\n\n流れを掴むには教科書だけで十分ですので他の参考書は必要ありません。\n\n具体的には　教科書をとりあえず流し読み気分でざっと読んでみましょう。　この時に注意して欲しいのは覚えようとして読むのではなく、前後の因果関係を理解しながら読み進めていきましょう。そして1セクション読んだら一旦教科書を閉じて今読んだ文章の歴史の流れを自分の口で説明しましょう！\n説明する際に言葉に詰まったところが理解できていないところなので軽く振り返りましょう。\n\nこんな具合でとりあえず古代から現代まで流し読みします。おそらく一週間もかかりません。\n\nその後教科書の読み終えた範囲はアウトプットに移っていきます。\n\nおすすめは「実力をつける100題」この一冊をひたすら解きまくっていきましょう。\n\n同じ問題を試験当日まで永遠と繰り返して行きます。\n\n途中であらかた出来るようになってきますが、ダメ押しで試験当日まで繰り返しましょう。\n\n問題を解いた後は毎回必ず解説を読み込みましょう。\nその際セットで教科書に戻って該当部分の流れをざっと確認して見るのもおすすめです。　\n\nまた模試や過去問を解いた際に、解説を読んだ後　出題された部分の教科書該当ページの戻って流れをその都度丁寧に確認して次同じ問題が出されても理由を示しながら確実に得点できる状態にしましょう。\n\nまた漢字が少し大変ですが、ノートの端っこなどに沢山殴り書きをして覚えましょう。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary 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