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17:I[7060,["51","static/chunks/795d4814-03346c8d233b4adb.js","212","static/chunks/212-70508e17017a12c2.js","231","static/chunks/231-5dc9f3acdba63b0c.js","54","static/chunks/54-f848f8ba1c362ca7.js","23","static/chunks/app/advice/%5Bid%5D/page-53a773e0095d4429.js"],"AdUnderAdvice"] 18:I[3194,["51","static/chunks/795d4814-03346c8d233b4adb.js","212","static/chunks/212-70508e17017a12c2.js","231","static/chunks/231-5dc9f3acdba63b0c.js","54","static/chunks/54-f848f8ba1c362ca7.js","23","static/chunks/app/advice/%5Bid%5D/page-53a773e0095d4429.js"],"CommentPostButton"] 1a:I[3866,["51","static/chunks/795d4814-03346c8d233b4adb.js","212","static/chunks/212-70508e17017a12c2.js","231","static/chunks/231-5dc9f3acdba63b0c.js","54","static/chunks/54-f848f8ba1c362ca7.js","23","static/chunks/app/advice/%5Bid%5D/page-53a773e0095d4429.js"],"AdOnAdviceList1"] 19:Tcdf,はじめまして！ 意味論から説明すると、O(目的語)はS(主語)の動作(≒V(動詞))の対象になります。一方C(補語)はSの性質だったり属性を示します。 よく言われるのが、補語は主語の説明になるが故に「S=C」、主語の動作の対象が主語自身ということはあまりないので「S≠O」という説明がされます。 次に文法論から説明します。こちらの方が実践的です。 目的語が名詞しか取らないのはご存知の通りです。補語が厄介で名詞と形容詞を取ります。では名詞をとる時と形容詞をとる時に目印があるのかとというとありません。ではどう見分けるのか。 答えは文型です。補語をとる文型は第二分系、目的語をとるのは第三文型(第四、第五は一旦無視します)です。第三文型は多くの動詞を取るのでこれを積極法的に確定するのは難しいですが、実は第二文型をとる動詞は多くないです。すなわち、動詞の後に名詞が来る時、動詞が第二文型を取るならその名詞は補語の可能性大、そうでないなら第三文型となりその名詞は目的語になる、という理解です。 では肝心の第二文型をとる動詞ですが、もちろん自分でしっかり確認して欲しいのですが、以下の通りです。 be, get, go, become, turn, grow, come, keep, 知覚V ちなみに知覚Vとは五感に関連する動詞らです(lookやsoundなど)。 並びを見て恐らく「自動詞が多い」と感じたかもしれません。実は第二文型をとる動詞は自動詞ということになってます。getやkeepは他動詞も取りますが、第二文型となる時は自動詞になります。すなわち、他動詞として第三文型をとる時と自動詞として第二文型をとる時で意味が変わるので注意です。 その両者で意味がどう変わるか、そして並べた動詞の意味はどうなのかは自分で調べてください笑。自分で調べた方が記憶に残るし、何より説得力が違います。 最後、ついでにM(修飾語)について。 文法論的な説明をすると、Mをとるのは副詞のみです。SVOC以外の要素がこれに分類されます。すなわち、動詞の後の名詞をまずはCかどうか判定して(上述により実は動詞の時点で確定する)、CでなければOとなり、SVOCが確定した後にそれ以外をMとする、という流れです。 意味論的な解釈としては、Mは文章自体あるいはその文章の核(主節)となる動詞を修飾します。一方でOだったりCは文章(≒文型)を構成する不可欠な要素です。そういう意味ではMはなくてもよい要素、なくしても意味が破綻しない要素と言われています。 以上、O,C,Mの説明でした。 もちろんここでの説明はあくまで原則なので、これを読んでおけばなんでも通用するとは思わないでください。これを念頭に置いて1つずつ当てはめていって理解を深めてください。 もっと具体的に聞きたい等あればコメントください！1b:T128a,結論、現状の偏差値や力がどれほどであれど、いつか壁にぶち当たることは間違いないと思われます。 ある英単語を英単語帳で見て、その単語が名詞か形容詞か副詞か動詞かその他の品詞か･･･ これらを判断するのは感覚でも大丈夫です。 ただし、その単語が文中に現れたとき、話は変わってきます。 その単語1つがどの単語を修飾し、どの様な働きを持ち、どのような文の構造を取っているのか･･･ これらが理解出来ないだけで、1文1文でどのフレーズが話題の中心になっているかを「論理的に」よみとることが出来なくなってしまいます。 単語に限った話ではありません。 副詞句、従属節、前置詞句･･･ 節や句という大きなまとまりになっても単語と似たような状況が発生するのは、恐らく質問者さんは既に理解していることかと思います。 これを正しく理解出来ていないと（単語よりもスケールが大きいので、より）文章を論理的に読むことができなくなってしまいます。 基礎となる文法が理解出来ていないと、倒置法や例外的な文法は絶対に正しく理解出来ません。 ここで言っている「論理的」という言葉が意味するのは、一つ一つの言葉がその位置に存在している理由を根拠を持って説明することです。 The development of a new digital marketing strategy is on the agenda for this afternoon’s meeting.　 (新しいデジタルマーケティングの戦略の立案が、今日の午後の会議の議題に上がっている) 上記の文章は、 ・第1文型ＳＶの構造 ⇒長い主語（主部）とbe動詞の構造/be動詞は名詞を補語（Ｃ、Ｓ＝Ｃの構造が完成する）に取れば第2文型、そうで無ければ（存在自体を表すbe動詞の働きであれば）第1文型であるため ・仮に、development 以外の選択肢（例えば、develop、develops、developed、developing等）があったとしても、冠詞(the/a/an)の直後に入りうるのは名詞が第1候補のため、それ以外の選択肢や似た意味を持つ名詞以外の品詞が入る可能性は非常に低い。（動名詞が入る可能性が高くなるのは、それを修飾する副詞が存在する場合⇒動詞が名詞化する動名詞であれば、修飾の際に形容詞では無く副詞をとるから） ・of以下が名詞”development”を詳しい内容を補う、修飾部分の終了の見分け方は動詞の直前である ・on the agenda（議題にあがる）、for this afternoon’s meeting（今日の午後の会議）は前置詞句としてまとめられる。Be動詞は自動詞と同じく、（補語は取るが）目的語は不要である 等々、1つの文だけでも軽くここまで説明が可能です。 なぜthisを用いるのか？afternoonに’sがつく理由は？等々、まだまだ語れる部分は残っています。 私は、英文学科に所属しているわけでもありませんし、英語に特別詳しい分けでも得意だった分けでもありません。 正直言って、受験生時代はここまで詳しく語ることが出来なかったかもしれませんが、このような意識は必ず二次試験で活きてきます（共通レベルでは問われませんが） 英作文や英文和訳・和文英訳のさいは、正す前の文構造が理解出来ないようであれば正しく文に書き起こすことは不可能です。難関私立では、この部分を狙った穴埋め問題が多数出題されます。 現状、質問者さんの意識は非常に素晴らしいです。 だからこそ、ここまで論理的に考えて解けるようになって欲しいと感じています。 英語を感覚で読まないよう、「英語の構文150」「TOEIC L&R TEST　出る問特急　金の文法」が非常にオススメです。 後者は高校生がやっている姿は1度も拝見したことはありませんが、私が使ってきた参考書の中で、最も構文や文構造、品詞に着目しつつも、解説がしっかりしている参考書に当たります。 ゆくゆく大学生になって勉強する必要がある可能性が高い参考書であるという理由も含め、是非検討してほしいです。 以上、参考にしていただければ幸いです！ （ちなみに例として用いた英文はTOEICの参考書の題1問目の問題から引用しました） 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"使役動詞について"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは！東北大学文学部のkitaです！\nお答えさせて頂きます！\n\n\nそもそも、SVOCでCが名詞や形容詞では無い時、つまり動詞みたいな（原型やto不定詞）ときはOとCの間に、主述の関係が起こります。\nもっと簡単に言うと、OはSっぽく、CはVっぽくなるのです。（今回は、S´とV´と表記しますね😉）\n\nつまり、例えば\nThe news made me happy.\nという文があったら、\nS＝The news \nV＝ made\nO（S´）＝ me\nC（V´）＝ happy\nとなります。\nこのとき、そのニュースは私を幸せにさせた、だと不自然ですが、Sを副詞っぽく、S´とV´を意識すると、そのニュースにより（のおかげで）私は幸せになった、と自然な日本語になります。\nこれは、使役動詞など第5文型で言えることです。\n\nでは、本題に入ると、①have O 原型、②have O 過去分詞\nについてですが、①の場合、S´とV´が能動の関係（S´がV´する）にあります。逆に、②の場合は、S´とV´が受動の関係（S´がV´される）という感じです。よくある例文だと、②ではOがお金、Cが盗まれたみたいな感じで、受動の関係ですね😉\n\n自分も最初はなかなか理解出来ず苦労したので、とても気持ちが分かります😖\nもし、この回答で少しでもスッキリ出来たら嬉しいです☺️\n\n最後に、浪人できないさんの目標が達成できることをお祈りしています。\n頑張ってください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英単語 自動詞と他動詞"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"　入試問題の点数に結びつくのは自動詞と他動詞の区別ができることでなく、\"英語を読める、書ける、聴ける、場合によっては話せる\"ことです。慶應の英語に自動詞他動詞の判断を求めるような問題はでません。これらに困難を感じないのなら別に気にすることはありません。\n\n　しかし、読む際にはまだ良いものの書く際には動詞の用法はしっかり覚えて置いた上で使えなければならず、誤ってはいけません。例えばapproachは基本的に他動詞であり自動詞ではないんだ、と覚えていないとapproach to tokyo\"東京に近づく\"なんて簡単に書いてしまいそうです（厳密には自動詞としても使えなくはなさそうなんですが、不適切なことに変わりはありません）。となると、自動詞他動詞の概念はやはり覚えるべきだという結論に達します。適切な言い方かは分かりませんが\n\n　　自動詞＝主語だけで完結する動作を表す\n　　他動詞＝主語が、第三者に影響を及ぼす動作を表す\n　　他動詞＝自動詞＋前置詞　　\n\nというのが私の持っている基本的な考えです。例はご自身で探してみて下さい。見分け方は簡単で、動詞の後ろに副詞以外の語があるかどうかです。といって理解できるかわかりませんが\n、、。\n　いづれにせよ自動詞他動詞の区別を誤りやすい語については単語帳やヴィンテージなどの文法書などにまとめてあることが多いので、ここは私は暗記しました。質問者様はまだ受験まで時間がありますので、今から地道に覚えていけばいづれ思い悩む事もなくなります。しばらくの辛抱です。また、副詞節、名詞節、形容詞的用法、、といった文法用語も一年生のうちに覚えてしまうと、文法書の説明について行きやすくなります。文法用語を覚えることが大事なのではありませんが、知っている方が結局勉強しやすいと私は思っています。是非頑張って下さい。健闘を祈ります。\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"自動詞、他動詞"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"自動詞と他動詞の見分け方って難しいですよね。私もすごく苦労しましたし、教えてきた生徒たちにとなかなか覚えてもらえませんでした。\n\n結論を言うと、自動詞か他動詞かは1単語ずつ覚えていく他ありません。\n強いて言うならenableやensureなどのように形容詞にenが着いているものはほぼ間違いなく他動詞だと見分けることができます。\n\nでは、どうやって覚えたらいいのか。\nそれは単語の使い方を思い出してみればいいのです。\nおそらく、今までArianaさんは自動詞他動詞を意識してこなかったのだと思います。\nですが、英作文はある程度出来ますよね？\n\n例えば、学校に行くを英訳するとgo to school と無意識に書くことが出来ると思います。\n\nそこから逆算して考えましょう。このgoという動詞は自動詞でしょうか他動詞でしょうか？答えはもちろん自動詞です。なぜなら動詞の後ろに目的語(名詞)が来ていないから。\n\nこのように、今まで使ったとこのある、見たことのある動詞というのは自然と例文が浮かんでくるはずなのです。その例文を思い出して自動詞か他動詞にカテゴライズしてあげるといいと思います。今まで何となく使い分けていたものに名前をつける感覚です。\n\nあと、世の中のほとんどの動詞は他動詞です。迷ったら他動詞だと思いましょう。\n\nそして、センター試験などに出る紛らわしい動詞はスクランブルやネクステ、ビンテージなどの「動詞の語法」にまとめられています。ここをしっかり覚えるのが1番効率はいいと思います。\n\nまとめると、\n・結論、覚えなくてはならない。\n・今まで何となく使っていた動詞を思い返して、自動詞他動詞の考え方を身近なものにする。\n・スクランブル等の教材でまとめられているものを覚える。\nです。\n\n1度自動詞他動詞の考え方が身につけば、これから覚える動詞がどっちなのかは考えずに居られなくなるので自然と覚えていけます。\n\nまとまりのない文章で長くなってしまいましたが、Arianaさんの勉強の参考になればと思います。受験が成功するように心から応援しております！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"文構造のとり方"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは！\n僕も同じような悩みを抱えたことがあったので回答させていただきます。\n\n文構造が取れないということですが、文法の授業で習ったであろう『5文型』などはきっちり理解出来ていますか？\n文構造がわからないという人の多くはSVOOとSVOCの違いがわからないと言います。そこの違いは理解していますか？\n\n文型がわからない！という悩みを解決する取っておきの方法があります。\nそれは動詞の語法を覚えることです。\nなぜこの方法が有効なのかというと、英語の文型は動詞によって決まっているからです。\nえー覚えるのなんてめんどくさい。なんて思ってませんか？受験は時間との勝負なので、出来るだけ考える時間は少なくしたいです。だから頑張って調べて覚えるのが良いと思います。\n\nただ全ての動詞の語法を覚えろということではありません。基本的な動詞(中学校で習うような動詞)を辞書で調べてみてください。きっと知らなかった語法が見つかるはずで、難関校になればなるほど、そういう所で差がつきます。\n\nですから自分で調べて、頑張って覚えてください！\n\n動詞の語法を覚えれば英作などでもミスが減り、いい和約も書けるようになります。\n応援してます！頑張ってください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary 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mb-1","children":"5文型全てをしっかり理解されていますか？全て理解されているならば、どれがどれに当たるのかのパズルをするだけです。おそらく現状はどれがsなのかvなのか分からず、あてずっぽうになってるのではないかと思います。svocの文要素や5文型が分かればそんなことはなくなります。\n\n過去の解答をコピペしとくので、自身のやり方と照らし合わせてみてください。\n-------------------------------------------------\n前提として\n\n・1〜5文型のそれぞれの特徴\n・S・V・O・Cの文要素\n・自動詞、他動詞の違い\n・全ての品詞の特徴\n\nの全てを理解する必要があります。上記について理解したら、\n\n手順⑴→文の全てにSVOCを振る。始めたばかりなのであれば、わからない単語は辞書を使いながらで良い。\n\nこの時オススメなのは、「先に文章の核となる動詞(V)を見つけること」なぜなら、文の文型は動詞が決定するからです。例えば…makeは2.3.4.5文型のどれかになる、など。先に核となるVが見つけられれば、全体の構造が分かります。\n(この文はfindの5文型を中心に作られているんだ等)\n\n手順⑵→SVOCを振ったら、それをもとに全文訳を書いてみる。(辞書使いながらでもOK)\n\nSVOCを振ると、要所にイディオムが出てくると思います。(例えば、findの5文型は「OがCだと理解する」と訳す)こういったイディオムと日本語訳が対応するように訳していきます。\n\n手順⑶→答えを見て確認。自分の振ったSVOCと日本語訳と模範解答にズレがないかを確認。\n\nズレがあった場合は、なぜそのズレが起こったかを確認。この時考えられる原因としては、複数の意味がある単語の解釈違いや形容詞の限定用法と叙述用法の勘違いなどが有力です。これらを潰していきましょう。\n\n手順⑷→意味をしっかり抑えながら複数回音読(個人的にはやってもやらなくてもどっちでも良いですが)\n\nこんな感じを繰り返していくと良いと思います。他にも疑問点あれば追加で質問ください。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"見分け方"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"自動詞か他動詞かの違いは、自動詞には目的語がいらないが、他動詞にはそれが必要、ということです。\n\nこれは、日本語で言えば「〇〇を」にあたります。\n例えば、「私は明日食べる」と言います。するとみなさんは「何を？？」って気になると思います。この「何を」に当たるのが目的語です。\n「私は、明日、とろ〜り3種のチーズ牛丼大盛り豚汁おしんこセットを、食べる」といえば、「とろ〜り3種のチーズ牛丼大盛り豚汁おしんこセット」が「食べる」という動詞の目的語になります。\n\nこのように、目的語を要する動詞（他動詞）は、必ず「〇〇を△△する」というような訳になるでしょう。他方自動詞は「〇〇に△△する」とか「〇〇だ」といった訳し方になります。こんなかんじで単語の訳から特定することができます。\n\nあるいは、動詞によっては自動詞にも他動詞にもなり得るものもあります。なかなか珍しいタイプですが。こうなってくると文脈から判定するしかありません。その文が英語の五文型のどれに当てはまるのかを考え、その上で目的語（つまりO）がどこにあるのかを探してみましょう。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"長文"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"英語の構造分析について話します。\n\n英語を構造分析する理由は複雑に見える英文の文構造を見やすくし、英文を速く読めるようになるからです。\n\n例えば、\n「S、V、O、Cをつけて、文の構造を五文型のいすれかに分類すること」\n「接続詞のandやorが何と何を並列しているのかが一目でわかる」\n\nといった事例があります。\n\n以下に『』などの目印の付け方について紹していきます。\n（私がつけている種類の『』なのでそこはご了承ください）\n\n① ( )の記号\n副詞や、形容詞につけるものです。\n形容詞は修飾する名詞に矢印を引き明示します。\n\n例文\n(When I was a young ,) I practiced baseball everyday ←(in order to be a professional baseball player.)\n\n②［ ］の記号\n名詞節や名詞節をを明示にする時に使います。\n\n例文\nHe don’t know ［how to solve this problem.］\n\n③〈 〉の記号\n関係代名詞を明確にする時に使います。\n\n例文\nThe boy 〈who is sitting next to me〉 is Ben.\n\n\n④○と○を繋ぐ記号\nso～that…などの構文を明示するためのものです。\n例えば、so～that…構文ならば、soに○、thatに○をつけ、その2つの○を線でつないだりします。\n\n以上、記号の付け方です。\n参考になれば幸いです。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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