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18:T14a1,言っていることが多少捉えにくいですのでご注意下さい。あととても長いです…

難しい文章になると単語帳に載ってる言い方から離れた翻訳になることはよくあります。
自分が受験期にしていたことは、概念を意識することでした。単語の概念を意識すると型にはまることもなく文章を多様に訳せるようになります。

では、概念を意識するとはどういうことか。それは、類語を意識することだと思ってください。例えばですが、preventという単語の意味に関して、概念の範疇内で違った言い方(訳し方)をできる限り多く頭に浮かべてください。(限界まで浮かべたら下へ)


















どうでしょうか。恐らく浮かんだ数が多ければ多い人ほど柔軟な翻訳能力が備わっていると思います。

「防ぐ」「阻む」「抑え込む」「押しとどめる」「差し止める」「封じる」「禁じる」「庇う」「助ける」「おかげで〜回避できる」…など、単語帳に載っていない沢山の異なる言い方があると思います。意味の類語から類語へとどんどん連想していくだけで適切な訳が見つかってきます。

「助ける」や「おかげで〜回避できる」などに疑問を持った方も居ると思いますが、例えば、
He prevented me from repeating a year.という文では「彼が留年から私を救ってくれた。彼のおかげで留年しないで済んだ。」などという風に訳したほうが自然です。「彼は私を留年から防いだ。」という様な訳だと意味は通じるけれど翻訳の仕方が下手ですよね。これが臨機応変にその場に合った翻訳ができるということを指すのです。
難しい言い方をしますが、概念とは同類のものから共通部分をぬき出して得た表象であり、類語はその共通部分を帯びた言葉に当たります。場面に応じた翻訳の仕方が上手い人は、単語帳に載っている言い方だけでなく単語の意味を概念で捉えた上でその類語力に力があるのではないでしょうか。(伝わりにくかったらすみません)


また、単語推測に関しては長文のトピックを掴んだ上で文章の流れや文脈、書き手の意思を汲み取って考えてみると知らない単語の意味が推測できますよ。

例えば、形容詞 jubilant を例に文を作ります。

She has jubilant eyes for a perfect score in math. 

この場合、 文脈を見るべきですよね。jubilant という単語は良い意味なのか悪い意味なのかどちらなのでしょうか。それは、for以下を見れば a perfect score から jubilant が良い意味だということがわかりますよね。
「彼女は数学で100点満点を取って嬉しそうな目をしている。」
実際はこのように簡単にはいきませんが、長文の途中で未知の単語が出てきても前後の文脈が理解できれば多少は意味が推測できるはずです。(動詞や形容詞なら意味的にマイナスかプラスかなど)


以上の二点(類語連想、文脈理解)を踏まえて、実践してみましょう。

下記の英文はある料理本に載っている注釈の一部を抜粋したものです。

If your recipe is for a dessert, soup, or other 
item recommended as a side course, please nail down your 
submission includes suggestions for main dishes that it 
would complement.

上手く翻訳できるでしょうか。

ポイントは4つあります。

①nail down
②submission
③suggestions
④complement


submissionとは「提案、提出、投稿」などの意味ですがここではレシピに関する話をしているので、料理そのものを指しますよね。

suggestionsは「示唆」や「暗示」を表しますがこの場合、名詞で訳さず動詞的に「しそう、できそう」と訳した方が適切な翻訳になりますよね。

complementは「を完全にする」などの意味ですがそれだと意味的に通らないので、類語を連想して文脈に当てはめると「を引き立たせる、を映えさせる」とすることができますよね。

最後に、nail downですがこれは以上の3点を理解した後に意味が見えてきます。「〜するようにする」の意味ですが、pleaseやsubmission以降の文からわかるはずです。

従って、和訳は

「お作りになるレシピがデザートやスープなどのサイドメニューでしたらメイン料理を上手く引き立たせられるようご確認下さい。」

となります。



結論何が言いたいかというと、適切な訳を思いつくようにするには類語を連想することが手っ取り早いということです。単語推測に関しては国語的な力も必要ですが(文脈や筆者の言いたいことに対する理解)、鍛錬すれば「あ、今こんなこと言ってるんだな」って勝手に分かってきます。頑張ってください。



1b:Tbb1,勉強お疲れ様です！

科目別で気になったところと補充すべきところを私なりに記載します。

英語
〈単語〉
パス単
→必要なし。他のものと被る範囲多い。使うメリットがあまりない。
速読英熟語
→少し物足りなさも感じるので、長文で新しいものに出会ったらノートにまとめるなどが有効
〈文法〉
ネクステ
→問題が古い。ポラリスをやるのなら、インプットもアウトプットも十分。ただ、慶應志望なら3までやって欲しい。
〈解釈〉
参考書多すぎるかなぁと。
質問者さんの現在の状況によりますが、
できるのならポレポレから。難しいようであれば、関正生の英文読解をやるのがオススメ。
英文熟考→一箇所訳が気になるところがある。
基本的な解釈を身につけるのなら1冊で十分。
〈長文〉
解けるレベルからで構いません。
1が簡単であるとかなら飛ばして大丈夫👌
東大京大の過去問も余裕があるなら触れとくと良い。

国語
〈現代文〉
特に問題ないと思います。
ただレベルが被ってるものもあるので、基礎講座と開発だけで十分だと思います。
〈古文〉
ポラリスか有名私大どっちかでも大丈夫です。
〈漢文〉
問題なしです。演習としてセンター過去問がオススメです。

世界史
日本史受験のため割愛します。
特に問題ないと思います。


追加した方がいいと思うもの、、、、
少しレベルが高いです。上の参考書で十分ですが、

英語
和文英訳
例解和文英訳教本

英文和訳は過去問と解釈の参考書で十分です。

英英辞典
↑なぜ必要か‥
文の英語は難しくないです。あれは、どれだけ理解できるかだとおもうんですよね。だから簡単な和訳をそのまま訳せば落ちるんですよね。なんであんな簡単な文で辞書持ち込み可なのか？それはズバリ辞書に載っていない意味が答えになるからなんですね。簡単な単語ほどどういう意味か、核の意味を抑えながらやってみてください。かなり英語伸びます。

僕はかなり意訳しました。なので、読み込む力をつけましょう。英語を英語で理解する力が特に要ります。


少しレベルが高いですが、これまで載せた参考書で十分です。
以下にその他読解和訳に関するもの載せます。

京大入試に学ぶ和文英訳の技術→精読の極意

京大入試に学ぶ 英語難構文の真髄

私がやったものですが、精読の極意は現存の参考書の中で一番難しいとおもいます。上記の参考書はあくまで時間がある場合にやってください。


これだけやれば早慶は余裕です！

頑張ってください！1d:Tc14,覚える必要はありません。



そもそも、英語の意味を日本語で理解しようという試み自体がむちゃくちゃなことでして、派生意味を覚えようとするとキリがありません。



その意味を下で説明します。



言葉というのは、ある物や概念を言葉という枠組みに入れたものです。



例えば、りんごがあるとします。この場合、りんごという言葉が先にあるのではなく、りんごその物が先にあって、それにりんごという名前をつけますよね。



ある日本人は、りんごを見てりんごという名前をつけます。あるイギリス人は、りんごを見てappleという名前をつけます。



だから、物を表す言葉の場合は、大体英語を日本語で表すことができます。どうしてかというと、りんごだろうが、appleだろうが、同じあの赤くて甘い果実のことをさしますからね。



ミカンとか、橋とか、塔とか、家とか、そういった現実に存在する物を表す単語は、英語を日本語で表すことができます。



厄介なのは、概念を言葉にしている場合です。



例えば「increase」という英単語について、増加する、高まる、増殖する、強まるなどたくさんの意味が存在します。



逆も同じです。
例えば「上がる」という日本語単語を英単語で言おうとすると、go up, rise, getなどたくさんあります。



りんごはapple一つだけだし、みかんはorange一つだけだし、houseは家一つだけだし、bridgeは橋一つだけなのに、概念単語となると意味がたくさん生じます。



ですから、物を表す単語を覚えるときは、1つ日本語訳を覚えるだけで結構です。



概念単語を覚えるときは、その単語の「原義」を覚えるようにしてください。



先のincreaseの例でいうと、増加する、高まる、増殖する、強まるのすべてに「増える」イメージが共通しているということです。



つまり、increaseという単語は「増える」という概念を単語にしたものであって、それを日本語という枠組みに当てはめると、増加する、高まる、増殖する、強まるなどになる、ということです。



だから、まず最初に原義を覚えて（辞書で調べると載ってます）、次に派生意味がその原義に関連していることを印象付けておけば（高まるは、力を増やしてるイメージ、増殖するは、仲間を増やしてるイメージなど）、実際に覚えきれていなくても、英語長文などでその単語が出てきたときになんとなく文脈で理解できるようになります。



それが英語を英語で理解するということです。



ですから、その単語カードの意味が原義である限り、派生意味は覚える必要はありません。1e:Tdda,僕は文系ですが英語が苦手だったので僕がしていた方法を書きます。

僕は実戦模試で英語が最高45点くらいでした。見てわかるように壊滅的です。特に文系で英語がこの点数では京大に受かる訳がないと感じました。
・英文を日本語訳しようにも単語がまず分からない。
・少し訳せたとしても文章の繋がりがめちゃくちゃ。
・構文を知らない。
・日本語から英語に訳す時にこなれた表現ができない。
etc…
と問題点はかなり多かったです。
そこで僕は考えました。得意であった地歴は本番でもできると割り切ってほとんど勉強せず、短時間で力を伸ばすことができないであろう国語に関しては赤本を流し読みする程度にしました。苦手な数学と英語だけに絞って勉強したのです。
英語の英文和訳の勉強方法は問題を解かずに「京大の英語25ヶ年」をひたすら読み続けました。1日8時間くらい読みました。英単語帳や辞書はその間使いませんでした。分からないところがあっても飛ばし飛ばし読む。何故なら調べていると時間がかかりそれまで読んでいた文章を忘れるからです。まずは分からないまま読み進めることに慣れるべきです。逐一訳そうとするから集中力が切れるのです。分からないところは分からないままにするくらいの大雑把さと余裕を持ってください。一番最後に和文を見て照らし合わせればいいのですから。京大の英文は非常に長いので、まず長文をノンストップハイスピードで訳し続ける力が必要です。そしてそれは英文をひたすら長時間読み続ければ、たった2週間でも十分つく力です。
和文英訳問題に対しては書いた文を先生に添削してもらいました。問題集の回答に載っている表現以外にも正解となる表現があり、そちらの方が簡単だったりするからです。
新しい単語を覚えることはしましたが、構文を別個に覚え直したりなどはしませんでした。構文は単体で覚えるよりも問題の文章の中に出現したものを覚えていく方が記憶に残るからです。また、近年は少し傾向が変わってきているようなので東大の英語も解いた方がいいかもしれません。
僕はひたすら「京大の英語25ヶ年」を読み続けた結果本番で100点を越えることができました。他の教材はユメタンという単語帳だけです。問題集は結局25年分は訳せず、訳せたのは10年分くらいでした。
僕のやり方は他の教科をあまり勉強しない点でリスキーですが、苦手な科目を短期間で本気で克服するには振り切らないといけないと思います。
僕はずっと英語ばかりしていると疲れてしまうので、間に得意な日本史を1時間ほど挟んで息抜きをしていました。集中力が切れてきたと思ったら違う教科で少し息抜きをするべきです。あるいは少し睡眠をとるべきです。ダラダラ何もせずに椅子に座っている時間が一番良くないです。疲れたら温かい飲み物を飲むのも良いですよ。
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mb-1","children":"慶應経済を受験したものです。\n赤本の解答はあくまでも模範解答ですので、それ通りにする必要もありません。\n基本的に注視すべき点は、\n・単語、熟語は間違っていないか？（スペル等）\n・構文、文法的に間違っていないか？（3単現や時制）\n・和文にある要素全てを組み込んでるか\nの3点です。\n上2つに関しては、ネイティブや英語の先生などに添削してもらって下さい。\n\nそして質問者さんが悩んでいるのは最後の項目のところでしょう。\n①、②に共通して言えることですが、日本語とバッチリフィットさせるという発想を捨ててみてください。\n例えば｢部活をやめる｣→「部活に参加しなくなる」というように単語選びが怖くなったらゴッソリ解釈を変えてしまって大丈夫です。自分も受験期にここまで内容を変えていいものなのかと戸惑いましたが、採点者が主に見てるのは単語・文法などのミスの有無ですから自信を持って変えちゃいましょう。\n\nおすすめの参考書は過去問が一番ですね。慶経の和文英訳は中々癖が強いので、市販の参考書では本番戦える力は身につけられないでしょう。とにかく添削してくれるパートナー的存在に依存しながら、何度も何度も書きまくってみてください。\nただ基礎的な和文英訳の力をつけるということでしたら、今までやってきた文法書の和訳を見て、自分で英訳してみるという学習法もあります。この勉強法は自分がやり込んだ参考書であれば特に効果が高いです。英作の力に加えて文法・構文の力もつきますから、そちらもぜひ取り組んでみてください。\n\n最後に度々言及したことではありますが、とにかくグラマーミスを注意してください。解釈が少し違うのと、グラマーミスとでは後者の方が圧倒的に失点に繋がりますから、難しめの文で攻めようとせず、無難に確実な文を書いていってください。\n\n長くなりましたが、応援しています！\n頑張って下さい！日吉で待ってます！！\n\n\n\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 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