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1b:Tcdf,はじめまして！

意味論から説明すると、O(目的語)はS(主語)の動作(≒V(動詞))の対象になります。一方C(補語)はSの性質だったり属性を示します。
よく言われるのが、補語は主語の説明になるが故に「S=C」、主語の動作の対象が主語自身ということはあまりないので「S≠O」という説明がされます。

次に文法論から説明します。こちらの方が実践的です。
目的語が名詞しか取らないのはご存知の通りです。補語が厄介で名詞と形容詞を取ります。では名詞をとる時と形容詞をとる時に目印があるのかとというとありません。ではどう見分けるのか。
答えは文型です。補語をとる文型は第二分系、目的語をとるのは第三文型(第四、第五は一旦無視します)です。第三文型は多くの動詞を取るのでこれを積極法的に確定するのは難しいですが、実は第二文型をとる動詞は多くないです。すなわち、動詞の後に名詞が来る時、動詞が第二文型を取るならその名詞は補語の可能性大、そうでないなら第三文型となりその名詞は目的語になる、という理解です。
では肝心の第二文型をとる動詞ですが、もちろん自分でしっかり確認して欲しいのですが、以下の通りです。
be, get, go, become, turn, grow, come, keep, 知覚V
ちなみに知覚Vとは五感に関連する動詞らです(lookやsoundなど)。
並びを見て恐らく「自動詞が多い」と感じたかもしれません。実は第二文型をとる動詞は自動詞ということになってます。getやkeepは他動詞も取りますが、第二文型となる時は自動詞になります。すなわち、他動詞として第三文型をとる時と自動詞として第二文型をとる時で意味が変わるので注意です。
その両者で意味がどう変わるか、そして並べた動詞の意味はどうなのかは自分で調べてください笑。自分で調べた方が記憶に残るし、何より説得力が違います。

最後、ついでにM(修飾語)について。
文法論的な説明をすると、Mをとるのは副詞のみです。SVOC以外の要素がこれに分類されます。すなわち、動詞の後の名詞をまずはCかどうか判定して(上述により実は動詞の時点で確定する)、CでなければOとなり、SVOCが確定した後にそれ以外をMとする、という流れです。
意味論的な解釈としては、Mは文章自体あるいはその文章の核(主節)となる動詞を修飾します。一方でOだったりCは文章(≒文型)を構成する不可欠な要素です。そういう意味ではMはなくてもよい要素、なくしても意味が破綻しない要素と言われています。

以上、O,C,Mの説明でした。
もちろんここでの説明はあくまで原則なので、これを読んでおけばなんでも通用するとは思わないでください。これを念頭に置いて1つずつ当てはめていって理解を深めてください。
もっと具体的に聞きたい等あればコメントください！1d:Tec7,こんにちは。英語の長文はなかなか伸び悩みますよね。長文が読めない原因は主に２つで、単語や構文などの知識がないこと、解釈がうまくできていないことです。このことを踏まえて話していきます。

①参考書について
単語はターゲット、leapのどちらかの単語帳を完璧にできていたら、共通テスト、2次試験共に十分対応できると思います。文法、解釈、長文も高3の春としては良いペースだと思います。今後は、ポラリス2、3と英文熟考下、rules2、3、4など少しずつレベルを上げて取り組んでみましょう。

②具体的なやり方について
脳内でsvocを意識するのはとても良いと思います。解釈の中でsvoc を考える時にとても重要なことがいくつかあります。

まず、前提として基本的に副詞はsvocのどれにもなりません。英語の文はまず第〇文型という型があり、その間に文を修飾する副詞がちょこちょこ入ってきます。

例えば、I (always) get up (early). という文はI (s) get up (v)という第1文型の文の間にalways やearly という副詞が入っている文です。
英語の文は、この文型の意味をまず理解し、副詞でさらに修飾をしていくという流れで解釈すると良いです。この文だと、「私は起きる」が文型の意味で、(いつも)(早く)という副詞があるので、私はいつも早く起きるという解釈ができます。

また、重要なのはsvocや副詞には「節」がなり得るということです。
例えば副詞節だと、
I played soccer( in Midori park)( when he visited my house). という文では、I played soccer 「私はサッカーをしていた」という第二文型の文の間に、in Midori park (緑公園で)(前置詞＋名詞は副詞節)when he visited my house (彼が私の家を訪れたとき)という副詞節が入ってきています。この副詞節を副詞とみて、先ほどと同じように意味をとると「私は、彼が私の家を訪れた時、緑公園でサッカーをしていた」というようになります。
また、名詞節だとWe don't know( if he will come).という文では、We(s) don’t know (v)if he will come(o)
というように、名詞節が名詞の役割をし、oやcになることがあります。
これらのことを理解すると大体解釈ができるようになります。解釈がうまくいかない時は意識してみてください。

長文を読んだ後、音読、構文の確認をきちんとしているのは素晴らしいです。これに加え、私は、問題は解かなくていいのでもう一度、声を出さず最初と同じように文を読んでみてスラスラ読めて意味が入ってくるようになるまで構文や単語を確認することをしていました。

③共通テストについて
解釈がしっかりできてくると共通テストの英文は読めるようになってきます。しかし、一番の問題は時間がないことです。コツとしてはまず問題を読んで何の要素が聞かれているのかを把握した上で、その要素を探すゲームかのように解くことです。この感覚を何度も解いて養うことが大事だと思います。この方法で私は、共通テスト本番では15分ほど余って見直しができました。

長くなりましたが、英語長文を読む上で大切なことを自分なりにまとめてみました。ぜひ参考にしてください。受験勉強は、まだまだこれからです。心から応援しています！2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=pxghS2sBTqPwDZPuSTsT","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"この英文が理解できません（；＿；）"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",4,") コメント(",1,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"6/12 10:00"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"和訳問題ができない 英文解釈が身にならない"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"結論から言うとやり方が間違っていると思います。\n\n英文解釈を何のためにやるのかを考えなくてはいけません。英文解釈とは、英語の文章の構造を正しく理解し、正確な訳を作るためにするものです。英文の構造とはSVOCに分類することで文を分解できます。\n\nすなわち、SVOCが正確に振れていない、認識が甘いということは英文解釈をやったうちに入らないわけです。\n\nそこで、まずは\n・SVOCそれぞれがどのような特徴役割があるのか\n・5文型全て\n・全ての品詞\nを完璧に理解してからやりましょう。英文解釈基礎100の最初の方のページに網羅されてたと思います。\n以後はSVOCを完璧に振り、なぜこの文は第5文型というのか、なぜこの文は自動詞なのかなどを理解しながら進めてみてください。不明点あれば私が過去に回答した英文解釈進め方の質問を見てみてください。\n\n最後に、旧帝レベルの過去問と英文解釈基礎100では難易度が違いすぎると思うので、一緒にやるのは難しいと思います。\n\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英語長文参考書の具体的な取り組み方"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"私もコピーするのが面倒で書き込んでやっていました！\n\n私は、長文になると修飾語に惑わされてしまい、肝心のSVOCを見失ってしまうということが原因だったので読み終わったら全訳確認していました。\n訳は書き出さずに、一度まとめて読んだ長文を今度は一文訳して、参考書の訳と照らし合わせるのを一文ずつ繰り返しました。そして一文訳したらなんでその訳に出来なかったのか解いてある上から赤字で書き込みました。例えば主語の範囲が分かってなかったら主語を□で囲んだり、修飾語や関係代名詞は必ずカッコで括りました。目的語を〜をと訳すとか受動態になってたらちゃんと訳に反映させるとか基本的なことも確認しつつ出来ていなかったら赤字で書き込みます。主語を□で囲む(主語にくっついてる修飾語は四角で囲まなくてもカッコつければいいと思います)と後から□だけを追って行くと話題の流れが掴めるのでおすすめです。\n意味がわからなかった単語は意味を日本語でその単語の下に書いていきます。\n\nその作業を終わらせたら自分の読み違いしやすいポイントが可視化された長文が完成します！あとはその赤字や単語の意味に助けられながら音読していくと自分の間違いやすいところが訂正されつつ復習出来ると思います！気力がない時は目で追うだけでいいです。(2回くらい)\n\n白文音読はしていませんでしたが、スマホで白文を撮った時はそれを見ながら音読もやっていました。\n\n一文ずつ精読することで伸びていくと思います！頑張ってください！質問あったら返信するので遠慮なく書いてください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"文が長くなると読めない"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"5文型全てをしっかり理解されていますか？全て理解されているならば、どれがどれに当たるのかのパズルをするだけです。おそらく現状はどれがsなのかvなのか分からず、あてずっぽうになってるのではないかと思います。svocの文要素や5文型が分かればそんなことはなくなります。\n\n過去の解答をコピペしとくので、自身のやり方と照らし合わせてみてください。\n-------------------------------------------------\n前提として\n\n・1〜5文型のそれぞれの特徴\n・S・V・O・Cの文要素\n・自動詞、他動詞の違い\n・全ての品詞の特徴\n\nの全てを理解する必要があります。上記について理解したら、\n\n手順⑴→文の全てにSVOCを振る。始めたばかりなのであれば、わからない単語は辞書を使いながらで良い。\n\nこの時オススメなのは、「先に文章の核となる動詞(V)を見つけること」なぜなら、文の文型は動詞が決定するからです。例えば…makeは2.3.4.5文型のどれかになる、など。先に核となるVが見つけられれば、全体の構造が分かります。\n(この文はfindの5文型を中心に作られているんだ等)\n\n手順⑵→SVOCを振ったら、それをもとに全文訳を書いてみる。(辞書使いながらでもOK)\n\nSVOCを振ると、要所にイディオムが出てくると思います。(例えば、findの5文型は「OがCだと理解する」と訳す)こういったイディオムと日本語訳が対応するように訳していきます。\n\n手順⑶→答えを見て確認。自分の振ったSVOCと日本語訳と模範解答にズレがないかを確認。\n\nズレがあった場合は、なぜそのズレが起こったかを確認。この時考えられる原因としては、複数の意味がある単語の解釈違いや形容詞の限定用法と叙述用法の勘違いなどが有力です。これらを潰していきましょう。\n\n手順⑷→意味をしっかり抑えながら複数回音読(個人的にはやってもやらなくてもどっちでも良いですが)\n\nこんな感じを繰り返していくと良いと思います。他にも疑問点あれば追加で質問ください。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英語の並べ替え問題が出来ないです。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"勉強お疲れ様です！\n\n私も整序問題が苦手で、かなり苦戦しました…。ただ、練習を重ねてコツをつかめば、並び替えはむしろ得意分野にすることができます！ぜひたくさん繰り返して、得意にしちゃってください！\n\nまず、単語や熟語はしっかり勉強できていますか？特に整序問題では、特定のフレーズがわからないと、意味がとりにくい場合が多いです。熟語は毎日コツコツやらないとなかなか覚えにくいので、少しずつ進めてみてください。前置詞などだとofやfromが多く、意味もイディオムごとに異なるので、意識しながら覚えていきましょう！\n\n下地ができていて、経験が少ないだけであれば、整序問題が多く入った問題集をお勧めします。文法問題集にいくつか載っているものでもいいのですが、もし得点源にしたくて余裕もあるようであれば、ぜひやって挑戦してみてください！\nちなみに私が使っていたものは、「頻出英語整序問題850　全解説」です。名前の通り問題量は結構多いです…\nただ、いろいろな形式の整序問題が解けるようになりますし、慣れると結構サクサク進むようになるので、終えるころにはかなり力になると思います。\n私が始めたのは高３の11月くらいだったのですがちゃんと終えられたので、ゆっくりでも今から始めれば、きっと得意になっていると思います！\n気になったら、書店などで手に取ってみてください！\n\n少しでも参考になれば嬉しいです。応援しています！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英語の文法の勉強から逃げてしまいます"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"必ず間違えたところは全て印をつけておく\n↓\n印つけたところを解説と文法書（Forestやビジョンクエスト）、先生への質問で確認。\n↓\nさらにもう一周（解くだけでいい）＆間違えたところだけ印をつける\n↓\n以下同じ\n\nって感じで進めていってください。必ず全て終われます。今はいいんです間違えて。\n間違えることは、あ！そーかこーゆーことか！っていう感動体験のチャンスです。記憶のゴールデンタイムです！何度も間違えてください。\n\nここでポイントはなるべく演習を早くすることです\n１日できれば100題やるといいでしょう。この勉強法はだんだんやる必要のある問題数が徐々に減っていくのでどんどんスピードアップできます。モチベも上がるし一石二鳥🎶\n\nまた文法問題集としてビンテージを使うことはあまりオススメしません。頻出とはとても言えないものが多く含まれているので。全解説入試頻出英語標準問題1100―文法・語法・イディオム・会話表現の総整理 (大学受験スーパーゼミ)の文法編をキッチリやることをオススメします。その後語法を。\n\nただ質問者さんは単語と熟語を並行して進めていますが、それは無理があると思います\nまず単語、高3の１０月から熟語をやっていった方が楽です。スモールステップ法で頑張りましょう。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"文法について"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"私の場合、文法書はFORESTを1周しかしませんでした。\n\n最初の1周で、文法の種類と5つの文構造（SVOなど）を大体把握します。\n\nそれが終わったら、文法書を解くよりは、文法書を片手にひたすら実践の中で文法と文構造を解読します。\n\n実践というのは、過去問などを主に長文読解の文章を利用します。\n\nこの文章は過去完了、この文章は仮定法過去、このing形は分子構文、などすべてつじつま合わせしていきます。\n\nこの長文解析をひたすら行なえば、私の場合2か月ぐらいで文法は終わりました。\n\nやってみると、最終的にはいくつかの同じようなパターンに収束するんですよ！\n\nそして、英語ができるようになるには、英単語と文法は永遠に終わらないことを自覚した方がよいです。\n\nいつ終わるんだ…と思いながら取り組むといつまでも苦手意識や嫌悪感が抜けません。\n\n日本語にも広辞苑という辞書がありますが、分からない単語は腐るほどありますし、日本語で文法言ってといわれても、過去形ぐらいしか思いつかなかったりします。\n\nそれでも、日本語に英語ほどの苦手意識を持っている人は少ないですね。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"so that 構文について！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"　習慣的な問題だと思います。すなわち、結論から言うと「そういうものだ」と呑み込むのが早いと思います。（※こういったことの所謂深堀は、大学でやりたい分だけできますよ！）\n\n　いわゆるso that構文はおっしゃる通り、因果関係を含意する構文として学習すると思います。しかし、単にbecauseなどの接続詞を用いた比較的客観的な因果関係を表しているというより、質問者さんが感じているように、この構文によって表現される具体的な内容はしばしば「感情」を伴うようです。感情や感覚のニュアンスと言えば、意外とcouldとかmightとかwould（wouldがおそらく最も使われる）がその感じを醸してくれます！だから、もはや半分ルールのような感じでこういった助動詞が使われていますが、言語も人間によって簡単に細かく変容しますから、誤解を恐れずして言うと、「諸略されている」くらいでいいと思います。この文を訳すときに、質問者さんも、「自然に」可能のニュアンスを出せていますよね。そういうことだと思います。問題意識があって、脱帽しました。大学ではこういった素朴な疑問が、日常言語の範疇を超越した知の地平線の彼方に、あなたを誘います。ぜひその態度を忘れずに、今は北大合格に向けて頑張ってください。心より応援しています。\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary 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