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1c:T1b43,　筆者の主張を判別するために意識すべき点についていくつか書こうと思います。

①断定的な表現について
　例えば、「勉強において有酸素運動がもたらす恩恵は大きい。」という文と、「勉強において有酸素運動がもたらす恩恵は大きいのである。」という文では、後者の方がより断定的な表現です。断定的な表現は、それだけその分の内容に強みを持たせる働きがあり、文章の書き手からすれば、自分が読者に伝えたい内容ほど、無意識にそれを強めるべく断定的な表現を使ってしまいます。私も実際、大学でレポート課題を何度も課されては書いてきましたが、最も伝えたい結論部分などは無意識に断定的な表現を使ってしまいます。なので、「～なのである」「～のである」「～なのだ」といった、断定的な表現があったら、筆者の主張はここではないかと疑ってみましょう。

②接続詞について
　例えば、(A)「朝食を食べることによって、外部からの刺激を受け、目が覚める」、(B)「一日三食をちゃんと食べることが健康維持には大事である」、(C)「咀嚼は一定のリズムで体を動かすリズム運動のうち最も手軽なもので、これにより、脳内にセロトニンが分泌され、目覚めも良くなり頭もすっきりする」という３つの文章があったとします。これだけでは、どの文も重要性においては同じで、このうち筆者が最も言いたいことは何かということは判別がつきません。しかし、この後に(D)「したがって、朝食は毎朝食べるべきである」と続いた場合はどうでしょうか。「したがって」という因果関係を表す接続詞があることによって、たちまち(A)、(B)、(C)はいずれも(D)を導くための布石に過ぎないことになります。実際の評論文では、例えば(A)という一つの根拠を書くためにも、具体例やさらに(A)自体を導くための根拠などを示し、一つあるいは複数の段落を丸々使って書かれることも多々あります。なので、その情報の重要度や文章全体における役割がなんであるかを意識して読まないと、長い文章に当たった時ほど筆者の主張を見落としやすくなります。これを防ぐために、文と文との間の接続詞に注目し、両者の関係、そして文章全体の構造に常に焦点を当てることを心がけましょう。このほかにも、「要するに」「つまり」など、それ以前の内容をまとめるはたらきの接続詞にも注意しましょう。長い文章ほど、筆者自身が所々で何を言いたいのかをまとめてくれることには大変ありがたく感じます。

③逆接の接続詞には特に注意
　以下の二つを比べてみましょう。
(a)「彼は秀才だが、運動はからきしだめだ。」
(b)「彼は運動はからきしだめだが、秀才だ。」
「彼は秀才だ」という情報と、「彼は運動はからきしだめだ」という情報の伝わる強度が、(a)では後者の方が強く、(b)では逆に前者の方が強く感じると思います。このように、読者にとって逆接の後の情報はそれより前の情報よりも強く伝わります。この性質を利用して、筆者は自分が伝えたい情報を逆接の後にもって来たり、「もちろん～である」と反対意見に譲歩したうえで、「しかし～」と逆接を使って自分の主張を強めたり（譲歩逆接構文）する工夫をします。なので、逆接の接続詞が来たら、その後に書かれている内容にはより一層の注意を払いましょう。
　余談ですが、このように、情報に順序をつけることによって、その伝わる強度に違いをもたせる表現の技巧を、香西秀信さんは『レトリック探究法』内の「事実は『配列』されているか？」において、「順序のレトリック」と称して細かく説明されています。興味のある方は読んでみると面白いかもしれませんね。

④本文の構造について（主に統括のしかた）
　筆者の主張とその根拠が、「（主張）なぜなら、～（根拠）」と書かれるか、「（根拠）したがって～（主張）」と書かれるのかといった違いです。例えば一つの段落があった時に、段落の冒頭で主張が述べられる場合と、段落の末尾で主張が述べられる場合があります。どこに主張があるかで、さっきまで読んでいた内容が何の役割をもっているのかわからなくなる時があります。なので、その文章、その段落において、主張がどこに書かれているのか、すなわち、ひとつの大きな内容についてどこで統括が行われているのかを常に把握するよう努めることが、文章を読むに当たり重要になってきます。

　以上の４点だけでも意識するだけでかなり変わると思います。これら以外にも、評論文を読むために意識すべきことはたくさんあります。上で挙げた点を含め、そのほかの点については、『現代文標準問題精講』（旺文社）に勝る参考書はないと思います。この参考書は、評論文の比重が圧倒的に重いですが、評論文を読むのが苦手だったり、評論文を読む力を極めたいという人には最強の参考書だと個人的には評価しています。私が受験生時代に使った参考書のうち、一番好きな参考書です。参考書を選ぶ際の参考にぜひ。
　最後に、センスで点が取れる人は、幼少期から多くの本を読んでいたりして、その圧倒的な経験による慣れの産物なのか、無意識に重要な部分とそうでない部分が判別できてしまうという人がほとんどだと思います（私の周りではそうでした）。しかし、自分の中でちゃんと根拠をもって情報の重要度を判別できないと、自分がどのように文章を読んでいたのかが自分自身でわからないので、スランプに陥るなどしたときにそこからなかなか復帰できないことがしばしばです。そのため、センスに頼って問題を解くのは、それで満足に点が取れているうちはまだいいとしても、その実かなりのリスクを負っているとも言えます。なので、センスを磨くのではなく、実力を磨くことに重点を置くべきであると私は思います。1d:T128a,結論、現状の偏差値や力がどれほどであれど、いつか壁にぶち当たることは間違いないと思われます。





ある英単語を英単語帳で見て、その単語が名詞か形容詞か副詞か動詞かその他の品詞か･･･
これらを判断するのは感覚でも大丈夫です。



ただし、その単語が文中に現れたとき、話は変わってきます。
その単語1つがどの単語を修飾し、どの様な働きを持ち、どのような文の構造を取っているのか･･･


これらが理解出来ないだけで、1文1文でどのフレーズが話題の中心になっているかを「論理的に」よみとることが出来なくなってしまいます。


単語に限った話ではありません。

副詞句、従属節、前置詞句･･･

節や句という大きなまとまりになっても単語と似たような状況が発生するのは、恐らく質問者さんは既に理解していることかと思います。
これを正しく理解出来ていないと（単語よりもスケールが大きいので、より）文章を論理的に読むことができなくなってしまいます。
基礎となる文法が理解出来ていないと、倒置法や例外的な文法は絶対に正しく理解出来ません。


ここで言っている「論理的」という言葉が意味するのは、一つ一つの言葉がその位置に存在している理由を根拠を持って説明することです。



The development of a new digital marketing strategy is on the agenda for this afternoon’s meeting.　
(新しいデジタルマーケティングの戦略の立案が、今日の午後の会議の議題に上がっている)



上記の文章は、
・第1文型ＳＶの構造
⇒長い主語（主部）とbe動詞の構造/be動詞は名詞を補語（Ｃ、Ｓ＝Ｃの構造が完成する）に取れば第2文型、そうで無ければ（存在自体を表すbe動詞の働きであれば）第1文型であるため
・仮に、development 以外の選択肢（例えば、develop、develops、developed、developing等）があったとしても、冠詞(the/a/an)の直後に入りうるのは名詞が第1候補のため、それ以外の選択肢や似た意味を持つ名詞以外の品詞が入る可能性は非常に低い。（動名詞が入る可能性が高くなるのは、それを修飾する副詞が存在する場合⇒動詞が名詞化する動名詞であれば、修飾の際に形容詞では無く副詞をとるから）
・of以下が名詞”development”を詳しい内容を補う、修飾部分の終了の見分け方は動詞の直前である
・on the agenda（議題にあがる）、for this afternoon’s meeting（今日の午後の会議）は前置詞句としてまとめられる。Be動詞は自動詞と同じく、（補語は取るが）目的語は不要である

等々、1つの文だけでも軽くここまで説明が可能です。
なぜthisを用いるのか？afternoonに’sがつく理由は？等々、まだまだ語れる部分は残っています。
私は、英文学科に所属しているわけでもありませんし、英語に特別詳しい分けでも得意だった分けでもありません。

正直言って、受験生時代はここまで詳しく語ることが出来なかったかもしれませんが、このような意識は必ず二次試験で活きてきます（共通レベルでは問われませんが）
英作文や英文和訳・和文英訳のさいは、正す前の文構造が理解出来ないようであれば正しく文に書き起こすことは不可能です。難関私立では、この部分を狙った穴埋め問題が多数出題されます。




現状、質問者さんの意識は非常に素晴らしいです。
だからこそ、ここまで論理的に考えて解けるようになって欲しいと感じています。



英語を感覚で読まないよう、「英語の構文150」「TOEIC L&R TEST　出る問特急　金の文法」が非常にオススメです。
後者は高校生がやっている姿は1度も拝見したことはありませんが、私が使ってきた参考書の中で、最も構文や文構造、品詞に着目しつつも、解説がしっかりしている参考書に当たります。

ゆくゆく大学生になって勉強する必要がある可能性が高い参考書であるという理由も含め、是非検討してほしいです。



以上、参考にしていただければ幸いです！
（ちなみに例として用いた英文はTOEICの参考書の題1問目の問題から引用しました）
2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=pbtgQWUB-hIftn5d1qYE","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"選択疑問文とwhichの疑問文との違い"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",1,") コメント(",2,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"8/16 6:16"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"UniLink利用者の80%以上は、難関大学を志望する受験生です。これまでのデータから、偏差値の高いユーザーほど毎日UniLinkアプリを起動することが分かっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L13",null,{"clientImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_gqJZ1R84SHRtqydT.jpg?alt=media&token=82c144b0-8aa1-44c4-b465-cfbcef3f826d","clientUserName":"ともくん","infoString":"高1 埼玉県 一橋大学経済学部(70)志望","adviceId":"pbtgQWUB-hIftn5d1qYE"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap","children":[["$","div","consultation-part-0",{"children":[null,"高1です。英語で引っかかるものがあったので質問させて頂きます。選択疑問文もwhichの疑問文もorを使って２つのものを提示してどちらかを選ぶという事でした。\n例えば\nAre you going by air or by train?ーBy train,\n飛行機で行きますか、電車で行きますかー電車です。\n\nWhich do you like prefer,apples or bananas?ーApples,\nリンゴとバナナのどちらが好きですかーリンゴです。\n\n見てわかる通り上の文が選択疑問文で、下の文がwhichの疑問文です。ここで、上の文にはwhichをつけず、下の文にはwhichをつけるのは何故ですか？\n上の文によくwhichをつける間違いをしてしまいます。\nネットでもかなり調べたのですが、人によって回答が違っていてどれが正しいのかが分かりません。\n個人的には、上の文は自動詞、下の文は他動詞が使われているところが大きな違いなのではないかと予想します。\n拙い文章で分かりにくいかと存じますが、回答宜しくお願い致します。"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L14",null,{}]}],null]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L15",null,{"adviserImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_3956794F80B4461DBC3B52F242B1B45D.jpg?alt=media&token=493c7aec-e910-48ad-b6d0-aee37b2ba84e","adviserName":"やまじゅんぺー","adviserDepartment":"北海道大学経済学部","adviceId":"pbtgQWUB-hIftn5d1qYE"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark 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which(apples/bananas).ということです、わかるかな？"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L16",null,{"adviserImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_3956794F80B4461DBC3B52F242B1B45D.jpg?alt=media&token=493c7aec-e910-48ad-b6d0-aee37b2ba84e","adviserName":"やまじゅんぺー","adviserDepartment":"北海道大学経済学部","adviceId":"pbtgQWUB-hIftn5d1qYE","numberOfFan":34,"clipsAvg":9.41025641025641,"adviceRateAvg":4.625,"profile":"北大総合文系入試ひとけた.センター85%(765/900).二次数学87%, 二次国語62%, 二次英語75%.\n高三の8月バイト90時間"}]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://ck.jp.ap.valuecommerce.com/servlet/referral?sid=3364577&pid=884970531&vc_url=http%3A%2F%2Fshingakunet.com%2F%3Fvos%3Dnrmnvccp0000100","rel":"nofollow","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/document_request_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink パンフレットバナー画像","className":"mt-4 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mb-1","children":"m子さん、はじめまして！\n\n\nその参考書が言いたいことはおそらくですが、前から読みながら訳をする練習をしろ、ということかと思います。\nわざわざ全ての文を日本語に合わせて頭の中で訳をする必要はなくて、好きだリンゴが、というような形で読んでいくと、読む速度が上がるかなと思います。\n\n実際試験中なんかは長文をひと文ずつ構文なんかを解析して訳をする時間はないので、前から読みながら理解をする必要があります。\n\n\n私も英文を読む際は、m子さんが質問で書いてくださったようなことを頭の中でしていました。\nそうやってまずは語順は気にせずに前から日本語に変換して訳を理解していく練習をして、それが出来るようになったら次は前から日本語に変換せずに英語のまま理解できるように練習するとさらに読む速度が速くなります。\n\n具体的には、\nI like appleを「私は好きだリンゴが」としてまずは前から読めるように練習をし、最終的には日本語としてではなく、概念として英語のまま理解できるようになると良いのかなと思います。\n\n\n質問文の中の疑問文に関しては、構文を最初にしっかりと捉えた上で、いつも通り前から日本語訳をして、最終的にそれを疑問文として理解をすれば大丈夫です。\n\nきっちりと区切って疑問文をどこに入れるかを気にする必要はなくて、普通に訳して最後に疑問文として理解する形でいいと思います。\n\n\n\n長くなってしまいましたが、参考になれば幸いです☺️\n質問などがあれば、気軽にコメント欄で聞いてください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"文法問題は訳？それとも文法事項？"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"はじめまして！\n\n個人的な意見ですが、文法問題を和訳から考えると間違えやすくなります。というのも、単語から勝手に意味を考える癖をつけると実際は全く逆の状況だった時に対応できないからです。例えば現在分詞と過去分詞は形容詞になると能動と受動と逆の意味になりますが、意味を先に決定してしまうとその二択を根拠を持って選べなくなります。\n\n結局文法問題のほとんどは正解の選択肢以外はそもそも文法的に成り立たない文章であることが多いです。なので意味は解く段階では必要ない時が多いです(訳して違和感がないか確認することはやりますが)。\nなので文法問題を解く時に何を考えているかという問いの答えは、「文法的に矛盾しないorこれしかない選択肢を探す」です。\nごく稀にどちらも文法的には問題がないため、意味で最後決めるということもあります。そういう時は文法的には間違ってないが常識的にありえない選択肢になっているので迷わないと思います。\n\n話は少し逸れますが、文法的に間違いがないかどうかをどう考えるのか、についてです。\n私個人のやり方としては、品詞分解をします。主節や関係詞節、副詞節をまず見極めて、それぞれの節事に考えます。節によっては前置詞がないと成立しないとか受身にならないと行けないなど制約があるはずです。それを考えます。\n場合によっては選択肢の中には品詞が全部異なってこの品詞しか入らないからこれしかないみたいなことも意外とあります。また選択肢の直後に名詞が来れるのがひとつしかないみたいなこともあります。つまり本文分析の後に選択肢を分析すると自動的に答えが出ることもあるというのも覚えておくと有用かと思います。\n\n以上です。\n具体例がないのでなかなか説明が抽象的になってしまって申し訳ないです。もしもっと詳細に聞きたい等あればコメントお願いします。\nこれから暑くなりますが、頑張ってください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"見分け方"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"自動詞か他動詞かの違いは、自動詞には目的語がいらないが、他動詞にはそれが必要、ということです。\n\nこれは、日本語で言えば「〇〇を」にあたります。\n例えば、「私は明日食べる」と言います。するとみなさんは「何を？？」って気になると思います。この「何を」に当たるのが目的語です。\n「私は、明日、とろ〜り3種のチーズ牛丼大盛り豚汁おしんこセットを、食べる」といえば、「とろ〜り3種のチーズ牛丼大盛り豚汁おしんこセット」が「食べる」という動詞の目的語になります。\n\nこのように、目的語を要する動詞（他動詞）は、必ず「〇〇を△△する」というような訳になるでしょう。他方自動詞は「〇〇に△△する」とか「〇〇だ」といった訳し方になります。こんなかんじで単語の訳から特定することができます。\n\nあるいは、動詞によっては自動詞にも他動詞にもなり得るものもあります。なかなか珍しいタイプですが。こうなってくると文脈から判定するしかありません。その文が英語の五文型のどれに当てはまるのかを考え、その上で目的語（つまりO）がどこにあるのかを探してみましょう。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 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tokyo\"東京に近づく\"なんて簡単に書いてしまいそうです（厳密には自動詞としても使えなくはなさそうなんですが、不適切なことに変わりはありません）。となると、自動詞他動詞の概念はやはり覚えるべきだという結論に達します。適切な言い方かは分かりませんが\n\n　　自動詞＝主語だけで完結する動作を表す\n　　他動詞＝主語が、第三者に影響を及ぼす動作を表す\n　　他動詞＝自動詞＋前置詞　　\n\nというのが私の持っている基本的な考えです。例はご自身で探してみて下さい。見分け方は簡単で、動詞の後ろに副詞以外の語があるかどうかです。といって理解できるかわかりませんが\n、、。\n　いづれにせよ自動詞他動詞の区別を誤りやすい語については単語帳やヴィンテージなどの文法書などにまとめてあることが多いので、ここは私は暗記しました。質問者様はまだ受験まで時間がありますので、今から地道に覚えていけばいづれ思い悩む事もなくなります。しばらくの辛抱です。また、副詞節、名詞節、形容詞的用法、、といった文法用語も一年生のうちに覚えてしまうと、文法書の説明について行きやすくなります。文法用語を覚えることが大事なのではありませんが、知っている方が結局勉強しやすいと私は思っています。是非頑張って下さい。健闘を祈ります。\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英文解釈の精度について"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"はじめまして。\n\nまず、英文解釈についてですが、相談者さんの解釈も正解です。\n\n次に、自分の解釈と解答の解釈が異なるとき、私は学校の先生に質問に行っていました。質問を重ねるうちに、これは正解でこれは間違い、ということがだんだんと分かるようになって来た記憶があります。また、自分の解釈と解答の解釈が同じかどうかよりも、自分の解釈を論理的に説明できること、解答の解釈を読んで理解できることが大切だと思います。\n相談者さんの説明はきちんと論理的にできているので、問題ありません。\n\n最後に、私は英文解釈の練習としては「ポレポレ」を3周、「英文解釈の透視図」を1周やりました。個人的には、ポレポレは問題の難易度、解説、問題数がちょうどいいと感じました。ただし、相談者さんは今高3ということなので、新しい本に取り組むのももちろんいいですが、同じ本を繰り返し解くのもおすすめです。\n\n応援しています！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 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