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1c:T1170,こんにちは！さっそく１番から個人的な意見を回答していきます。

１.自由英作文ではなく選択肢を与えられる整序英作文についての質問とお見受けしたため、その前提で書きます。形容詞が複数ある場合、それらがくっつくであろう名詞を探し、主に次の２ステップで考えます。
→①意味を考える
単語の意味が分かればより自然な方を選べると思いますが、いつも単語の意味が分かるとは限らないので、推測がしやすくなる方法についても簡単に説明すると、接頭辞について学ぶのが効率的です。例えば、否定を表すin-/im-、前を表すpre-、外を表すex-などがあります。これらはほんの一例ですが、様々な接頭辞について知れば単語の意味そのものは分からずともニュアンスが推測できることがあります。
→②コロケーションを考える
コロケーションとは、自然な文脈で一緒に現れやすい単語の組み合わせのことです。例えば、heavy traffic(ひどい渋滞)、bright future(明るい未来)などがあります。逆に言うと、big traffic、light futureとは通常言えない、ということです。このセットを覚えておくと、この形容詞とこの名詞は繋がりそうだな、というパターンが見えてきます。覚え方としては、単語帳の例文までしっかり読む、問題演習を重ねることがお勧めです。

２.ここからは自由英作文に関する質問として捉えて回答します。結論から言うと、大学入試レベルでそれらの使い分けで減点されることはないと考えて良いでしょう。もちろんニュアンス（前者は口語的で後者は文語的）の違いや、強調したい名詞が先に来るということはありますが、「これどっちも英文で見たことあるな〜」と思って悩む場合はどちらも正解になります。

３.分詞ing+名詞では、一時的な状態、見たままの動作を表し、名詞of動名詞ingでは行為そのものや概念を表し、名詞+関係詞では文として説明している、というニュアンスになります。これだけでは分かりにくいので例をあげてみます。
例えば、a running man(走っている男)は言えますがa man of runningは不自然です。これは、「男はいつも走っている」「この男といえばrunningだ」のようなニュアンスが生まれるからです（もちろん、そのようなニュアンスが適切な文脈では使えます）。また、a man who is runningも言えます。
しかし別の例を考えてみると、running sound(走っている音)は説明的でやや不自然ですが言えて、sound of runningも言えることに気づきます。これは「走っている音」が「一般的に人が走っている時の音」であり、概念を意味しているからです。この場合も、sound that comes from runningは言えます。
どのように使い分けるべきかという質問に対しては、今の原則を踏まえた上で演習を重ね、添削をしてもらい、復習することを繰り返しましょう、という回答になります。添削は今時生成AIに素早くやってもらえます。
また、簡易的な解決策として、とりあえず名詞＋関係詞で書く、というのもアリです。この場合はニュアンスの部分を関係詞以降の動詞等で説明できるので、基本的にどんな場合でも使えます。もちろん、a running manに比べてa man who is runningでは余計に長くなっていて不自然ではありますが、間違いではないので大学入試においては減点されません。

２つ目の質問への回答でも書いたように、大学入試の英作文では明らかな間違いしか点数が引かれません。なぜなら「ネイティブから見て間違ってはいないけど不自然」という理由で点数を引いていったらほとんどの受験生に点数が残らなくなってしまうからです。つまり英作文の攻略法としては「冒険せず、見たことある単語と文法だけで書く」のが正解になります。これを念頭に、勉強頑張ってください！1d:Tbd0,しんさん、こんにちは。

英語の冠詞は、日本語には対応する語がないため、最初は感覚的に難しく感じられます。しかし、基本の考え方を押さえれば読解にも英作文にも応用できます。ポイントは「聞き手がその名詞を特定できるかどうか」です。

(1)
まず a は「不特定の1つ」を表します。話し手・聞き手のどちらにもまだ知られていない名詞につけ、「ある〜」「1つの〜」というイメージです。たとえば “I saw a dog.” は「（どんな犬かは知らないが）犬を見た」という意味になります。初登場の名詞や、同類の中の1つを述べるときに使います。

一方、 the は「特定されたもの」を示します。聞き手がどの名詞かをすでに知っている場合に用い、「その〜」と訳されます。たとえば “I saw the dog.” と言えば、「（前に話した）あの犬を見た」となります。文章中では、すでに出てきた名詞を再び指すときや、世界に1つしかないもの（the sun, the earthなど）にも使われます。

無冠詞 は、「一般的なもの」または「抽象的・不可算的な概念」を指すときに使われます。たとえば “Dogs are friendly.” は「犬という種全体は親しみやすい」という一般論です。また “Love is important.” のように抽象名詞も通常は無冠詞で表します。

読解の際には、「aが出たら新情報」「theが出たら既知情報」「無冠詞なら一般論」と意識することが大切です。これにより、文の流れをつかみやすくなります。

英作文では、「その名詞が聞き手にとって特定できるか？」を基準に選びましょう。たとえば「私は本を買った」は “I bought a book.”（どんな本かはまだ不明）ですが、「その本は面白かった」は “The book was interesting.” となります。

(2)
具体名詞と抽象名詞の区別では、具体的な物（apple, carなど）は可算名詞であり、a/theを付ける可能性があります。一方、抽象名詞（happiness, informationなど）は不可算で、基本的に冠詞は付きません。ただし “the love of a mother” のように限定されるときには the が付くこともあります。

(3)
最後に「aが1個を表す場合」の見極めですが、単に数としての「1つ」であれば “one” を使います。aは「同類の中の1つ」という分類意識があり、特定数よりも性質に注目している点が違います。

冠詞は「共有されている情報の範囲」を示す記号です。英語を読むときも書くときも、「この名詞を相手は知っているか？」を常に意識すれば、自然な冠詞の使い分けができるようになります。

頑張ってください、応援しています！1e:Td6a,私も最初は現代文が苦手でしたが、自分なりの解法を見つけひたすら過去問を解くことで、本番では東大国語80/120を叩き出しました。以下で、私なりの現代文の解き方を伝授しようと思います。

🌟「事実の整理」について
その本では、おそらく「ある事実とある事実に成立している何らかの関係」を整理しよう、と言っているのだと思います。
「何らかの関係」とは、同じ主張、異なる主張、因果関係、譲歩の関係etc…です。
例えば事実Aと事実Bが、「たしかにAである。しかしBである。」と書かれていたとすると、事実AとBとの間には譲歩の関係が成り立っています。
このように、「何らかの関係」を見いだして事実を整理する手がかりとなるのは、
①接続詞
②単語(同質の語、反対の語)
です。

①接続詞について
これは簡単です。事実AとBが「だから」で繋がれているならそれらは因果関係にある、そのようなことです。

②単語について
文章を読むときに、単語の性質に着目するのも一つの手です。事実Aを表す文章に「抽象」という語が入っていたとします。例えば、事実Bの方に「一般」という語が入っていた場合、事実AとBは同質の内容になります。逆に、事実Bの方に「具体」という語が入っていた場合、事実AとBは反対の内容になります。
単語の性質に着目するには、現代文の用語集をこなすしかありません。また、過去問等を解いているうちに、現代文でよく使われる同質or反対の語がわかるようになってくるはずです。

🌟「文章の型を見つける」について
先程の事実の整理とはうってかわって、「文章全体がどのような構造(型)をしているか見つけよう」と言っているのでしょう。
先程の「事実の整理」ができたら、文章の型を見つけるのは簡単です。
事実ABCが文章の中に出てきたとします。「1段落目では事実Aについて述べ、2段落目ではAと反対の関係にあるBについて述べ、3段落目でAとBをまとめた筆者の主張であるCについて述べているなあ」というふうに、全体を俯瞰してやればいいのです。

🌟その他伝えたいこと
「木を見て森を見ず」という言葉がありますが、現代文は木(段落や一つの文)も森（文章全体）も見る作業です。私がよくやっていたのは、文章全体を図式化してルーズリーフ等にまとめることです。筆者がこの文章をどう構成したのか、結局言いたいことは何なのか、わかりやすくなります。

また、文章を読めることと、設問に対しわかりやすく解答できるかは別問題だと考えています。文章を読めるようになったかを確認するには、共通テストのような選択式の問題がお勧めです。共通テストが解けるようになってから、記述なり私立の問題なりを解くのが良いと思います。
回答者様の志望校は立教だと思いますが、その過去問に合わせて問題の読み方、設問の解き方を工夫してみてください。2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=iFKqzYIBTqPwDZPunc0t","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"thingsに代名詞のような用法があるの？"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",0,") コメント(",2,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"8/24 2:24"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"UniLink利用者の80%以上は、難関大学を志望する受験生です。これまでのデータから、偏差値の高いユーザーほど毎日UniLinkアプリを起動することが分かっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L13",null,{"clientImageUrl":null,"clientUserName":"ベーコン","infoString":"高3 東京都 中央大学経済学部(61)志望","adviceId":"iFKqzYIBTqPwDZPunc0t"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap","children":[["$","div","consultation-part-0",{"children":[null,"中央大志望の高３の者です。\n今、基礎英文解釈100の1周目をやっているのですが、\nsome people sell things and others buy things.\nという文があり、解説ではthingsを取引と訳されているのですが、thingsに代名詞の働きがあるのでしょうか？Googleなどで調べても分からないので教えていただきたいです。\n（前の文には取引という単語が出てきていました。29番の青山学院大の問題です。）"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L14",null,{}]}],null]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L15",null,{"adviserImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_I0ldh7slAxPaacgJ1n5V2BIc3vF3.jpg?alt=media&token=9d2a1c2f-5bff-457e-a9fd-6eabbead7f71","adviserName":"BFLY","adviserDepartment":"慶應義塾大学文学部","adviceId":"iFKqzYIBTqPwDZPunc0t"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"すべての回答者は、学生証などを使用してUniLinkによって審査された東大・京大・慶應・早稲田・一橋・東工大・旧帝大のいずれかに所属する現役難関大生です。加えて、実際の回答をUniLinkが確認して一定の水準をクリアした合格者だけが登録できる仕組みとなっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap mb-4","children":[["$","div","advice-part-0",{"children":[null,"thingsという言葉自体に取引という意味があるわけではなく、sell thingsとbuy thingsを合わせて、売買という「取引」が成立するのではないでしょうか？\n\n手元に実際にその解説があるわけではないので、前後の文脈を読まないと詳しくはわかりませんが、thingsという言葉単体で取引と訳されているわけではないと思います。\n\nthingsに代名詞の働きがあるとかいう訳の分からない話は聞いたことがありません。絶対にそんなことはないと思います。\n\n英語教材などは、訳が結構間違っていたり、ニュアンスが汲み取れていなかったり、意訳になりすぎて元の文章の意味がわからなかったりするものも多いです。もしかしたら解説が間違っているのかもしれません。（おそらくそんなことはないと思いますがその可能性もなきにしもあらずです。）\n\n実際の英文（2〜3文ほど）とそれに対応する訳がどのように解説に掲載されているのかを詳しく書いてくだされば、より正確にお答えできます。お手数かもしれませんが、正しい情報を知りたければぜひそうしてみてください。"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L16",null,{"adviserImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_I0ldh7slAxPaacgJ1n5V2BIc3vF3.jpg?alt=media&token=9d2a1c2f-5bff-457e-a9fd-6eabbead7f71","adviserName":"BFLY","adviserDepartment":"慶應義塾大学文学部","adviceId":"iFKqzYIBTqPwDZPunc0t","numberOfFan":20,"clipsAvg":6.6976744186046515,"adviceRateAvg":4.716049382716049,"profile":"英語と生物基礎が得意です。世界史は全然できません。\n東大文科三類3点ほど足りず落ちました。\n\n共通テスト本番↓\nリーディング93リスニング100現代文77古文36漢文45数学ⅠA 51数学IIB 58生物基礎44地学基礎29世界史59地理61\n現代文少し失敗しました。傾向が変わったのに対応しきれませんでした。地理は少しやればもうちょっと取れたかな〜と思います。考え方さえ掴んでおけば、直前期にやっても伸びやすいかもしれません。\n\n東大文科三類本番↓\n英語93国語52数学26世界史18地理34\n3点ほど足りなくて落ちました。世界史が苦手すぎました。高校3年間精神的に病んでしまい、勉強時間があまり取れなかったので……ただの言い訳にしかなりませんが。\n\n世界史以外はまあまあできたので、東大志望の方のお力にもなれると思います。\n\n通っていた塾↓\n河合塾MEPLO 数学、古典\n河合塾大学受験コース（講習のみ） 世界史\n東進ハイスクール 世界史\n東進東大特進コース 現代文、地理\nSEG 英語\nVERITAS 英語、数学\n東大螢雪会 数学\n\nそのほかの大学\n早稲田大学文学部　不合格\n立教大学文学部英米文学科（共通テスト利用）　不合格"}]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://ck.jp.ap.valuecommerce.com/servlet/referral?sid=3364577&pid=884970531&vc_url=http%3A%2F%2Fshingakunet.com%2F%3Fvos%3Dnrmnvccp0000100","rel":"nofollow","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/document_request_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink パンフレットバナー画像","className":"mt-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L17",null,{"id":"adsbygoogle-init-under-advice"}]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between","children":[["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold","children":["コメント(",2,")"]}],["$","$L18",null,{"adviceId":"iFKqzYIBTqPwDZPunc0t"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"divide-y","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mr-2","children":["$","$L19",null,{"avatarUrl":null,"contributorName":"ベーコン","adviceId":"iFKqzYIBTqPwDZPunc0t"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-2","children":["$","$L1a",null,{"contributorName":"ベーコン","adviceId":"iFKqzYIBTqPwDZPunc0t"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption","children":"8/24 12:00"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap","children":"すみません。よくみたらthingsは株と訳されていました。\n本文は\nThe stock market is important to many people because they make money by investing in it.\nIt is a place where some people sell things and others buy things.\nAn exchange of things takes place.\nとなっていて、解説の訳は\n株式市場は、たくさんの人たちがそこに投資して金を稼ぐので、重要な存在である。そこは株を売る人もいれば、また買う人もいると言った場所である。株の取引が行われているわけである。\nとなっています。"}]]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mr-2","children":["$","$L19",null,{"avatarUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_I0ldh7slAxPaacgJ1n5V2BIc3vF3.jpg?alt=media&token=9d2a1c2f-5bff-457e-a9fd-6eabbead7f71","contributorName":"BFLY","adviceId":"iFKqzYIBTqPwDZPunc0t"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-2","children":["$","$L1a",null,{"contributorName":"BFLY","adviceId":"iFKqzYIBTqPwDZPunc0t"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption","children":"8/24 12:20"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap","children":"ベーコンさん\n前後の文脈を教えてくださってありがとうございます。\nその文脈だと、thingsはたしかに株のことを指すのでしょう。でもそれは代名詞的な用法ではなく、株式市場において人々が売買する「もの」は株だとわかるのです。\n正直私だったらこのようなわかりにくい文章の作り方はしませんが、筆者はおそらくstockという言葉が何度も繰り返されるのを嫌ったのでしょう。"}]]}]]}]]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold","children":"よく一緒に読まれている人気の回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"divide-y","children":[["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"/advice/5pskAmplG9fiLpYi","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"flex items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"分からない単語の類推とは何か！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"慶應の経済学部の者です。\n英語は受験生時代かなり頑張ったので、回答させていただきます。\n名詞を類推するのか、動詞を類推するのか、類推しうるものはたくさんありますが、正直名詞は知らなきゃ終わりな一面もあるので、広く応用でき、文の理解や、他の単語の類推にも役立つ動詞の類推について話したいと思います。\n\n例えば give 物 to 人 という文型はご存知ですよね？\nこのように 動詞(以後Vと書きます) A to B というような文型を取る動詞はいくつ思いつきますか？\nノートに書き出してみてください。\nそれでは問題です。\n次の文を訳してみてください。\n\nNo special treatment was accorded to both countries.  \n\nどうですか？訳せますか？\nまず受動態だと文が訳しにくそうなので、能動態に直してみたいと思います。\n\n主語は何か特定できないためここでは便宜上Sとすると\n\nS accoded no special treatment to both countries.\n\nとなりますね。\n何か見えてきませんか？\nそうです、文型がgive A to Bの形をしているのです。\nつまり、ここでのaccordの意味はgiveに近いものなのでは？と推測出来ます。\n(実際accordには与えるという意味があります。)\nこのように、英語では同じ文型を取る動詞が同じような意味を取ることが往々にあります。\n\nだから類推力を高めるには、自分の力で似た形を取る動詞をグルーピングしてまとめるのです。\n\nすると、知らない単語や、見たことはあるけど意味が取れない単語の推測がうまくいく機会が増えていくと思います。\n\n問題は質問者様が高校三年生であること。あまり英語ばかりに構ってる時間はありません。\n\nだから夏休みが終わるまでは一週間に2〜3時間ほど時間をとって動詞のグルーピングに励み、秋以降はそれを復習するというスタンスで勉強するというのはいかがでしょうか？\n難関校になればなるほど、この類推力を試してくる傾向にあります。\n\nこんな方法じゃ大変そうで無理だと思うなら、諦めて単語帳を詰め込んで覚えましょう。単語を覚えていれば類推する必要なんて無いのですから。\n\n長々と書いてしまいましたが、僕から示せる指針はこんな感じです。\n是非頑張って慶應に合格してきてください！\n応援しています！\n\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 4-4-1.79-4-4-4zm0 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)\n\nTF問題は先に軽く問題をみて読み進めながら解くと良い。\n\n\n空欄補充の解き方\n1.選択肢を見る前に前後の文脈から考えて、こういう意味の語句が入るんじゃないかと予想する。できない時はしょうがないけど、なるべく頑張る。たまに選択肢が、違う品詞から成っていて文法知識で一発で解けるのがあるので品詞もチェックしよう。\n2.選択肢を見て予想に合う語句があれば入れる。予想に合いそうなのが2つ以上ある場合、文法的観点から考える(副詞なのか接続詞なのか、後ろにある前置詞に合うかどうかななど)。逆にすべての選択肢が分からない場合は、みんなもわからないので勘を信じよう。\n\n基本的に空欄問題は分からなかったら飛ばして後で考えよう。ここで時間を使うのはもったいない。\n\n\n傍線部言い換え問題のパターン\n\n基本姿勢は傍線部のある文をよく読むこと\n1.比喩表現\n特に会話問題に良くある。前後の文脈から判断しよう。ただ、無理ゲーもある。\n2.代名詞\nThis,suchなどはなにを指しているのか明確にする\n3.否定、因果、比較など\nTFと似ているがシンプルに傍線部と同じ論理関係を表現を変えて選ぶパターン\n\nこれらに注意して解いてみてください。分からないことがあれば聞いてください。出来る限り答えます。\n頑張ってください。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 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