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1c:T110d,多くの人が共感する類いの悩みだと思います。

まず前提として、ある単語の訳が模範解答と異なっていても、近い意味で且つ文脈から逸れていなければ、点数が引かれる可能性は低いです。例えば、It takes a lot of time and effort to maintain a good friendship.という文（鉄壁から引用）において、同書ではmaintainに対応する訳が「維持する」となっているが、「保つ」などといった訳をした場合でも、文脈に合う近い意味の訳なので減点はされないだろう、という感じです。仮に質問者さんがこのようなことで悩んでおられるなら、それは杞憂です。
それともう一つ。単語をイメージで覚えるのは非常におすすめな方法ではあります。理由は後述します。

私が想定する悩みは幾分異なるものです。
それは、maintainと偶然同じページにあったassert（主張する、言い張る）という単語を例にとると、
assert...「何かを言う感じ」というのは分かるけど、「主張する、言い張る」というピッタリの訳が浮かんでこない！
という感じの悩みです。恐らく質問者さんが苦労されているのはこういうことですよね。

では解決方法を考えてみましょうか。
①一つの単語につき、イメージではなく一つの定訳をガッチリと覚えてしまう
最も手っ取り早いです。上記の例なら、
maintain→〜を維持する、assert→〜を主張する
と瞬発的に言えるようにする、というものです。しかし難点として、訳の字面が同じ場合に、単語ごとのニュアンスを掴めないということがあります。
例えば、appearとemergeはどちらも「現れる」という訳が可能ですが、emergeという単語は、暗闇や物陰からスッと出現する感じのイメージです。ここで、appearとemergeを両方「現れる」と覚えていると、「彼は駅に現れた」という文を英訳しようとした際に、emergeを用いるのが適切でないことに気付きづらくなります。イメージで単語を捉えるメリットがここにあります。
②日本語→英単語の練習をしてみる
質問者さんは英→和の訓練を積まれているようですが、和→英というアプローチはいかがでしょうか。逆方向から考えることが結構上手くいったりします。また、これは和文英訳の訓練にもなります。例えば、単語帳で、「主張する」という日本語を見て、隣に書かれている英単語を引っ張り出してみましょう。assertの他に、argue、insist、claim、advocateなんかもありますかね。すると今度は自分に降ってきた訳語のニュアンスの違いを調べます（もちろん完全に互換可能な場合もある）。そうすれば、英訳の際に、「主張する」シリーズの中からより適切な表現を選ぶことができるようになります。
③例文と一緒に単語を覚える
シンプル且つ優秀な方法です。例文で覚えれば訳出が容易になりそうです。そして、これまた英作文対策としても最強といえます。

文脈からお分かりいただけたと思いますが、①のやり方はあまりおすすめできないです（個人の意見）。単語をイメージで捉えることはとても有意義だし本質的だと思います。もしよかったら私が紹介した方法を試してみてくださいね。質問者さんの健闘を祈っています！下の余談②は読んで！

余談①
私の鉄壁のassertのところに、「好きな時間帯は"あさー！と"主張する」とメモ書きがありました。下らないですが語呂合わせは覚えやすい。
余談②
もし和訳問題の中で、英単語にピッタリの訳が思いつかなくても、何かしら（動詞なら動詞、形容詞なら形容詞）の訳を絶対書いて下さい。何か書けば、最悪その訳が的外れでも一部の減点に留めることができますが、何も書かないとその一文全体が0点になる可能性があります。2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=hjjo8W0BTqPwDZPuwFk1","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"自動詞、他動詞"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",22,") コメント(",2,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"10/22 14:20"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"UniLink利用者の80%以上は、難関大学を志望する受験生です。これまでのデータから、偏差値の高いユーザーほど毎日UniLinkアプリを起動することが分かっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L13",null,{"clientImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_BB0B34556AF74511B2A2CFFD0A69B5CC.jpg?alt=media&token=98c28582-74bf-47fc-adad-75f326acf770","clientUserName":"Ariana","infoString":"高3 奈良県 大阪府立大学志望","adviceId":"hjjo8W0BTqPwDZPuwFk1"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap","children":[["$","div","consultation-part-0",{"children":[null,"英語の穴埋め問題で自動詞他動詞も判断材料なると先生に言われて、この動詞は自動詞。この動詞は他動詞って覚えていこうとしたのですが、見分ける方法教えてください。自動詞他動詞まで覚える必要は、やっぱりありますか"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L14",null,{}]}],null]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L15",null,{"adviserImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_5D3702CD80DD4AFEB9B0253F62ED2A2F.jpg?alt=media&token=795942a0-c577-41f2-8d14-bbefa911e8d3","adviserName":"マック渡辺","adviserDepartment":"名古屋大学情報学部","adviceId":"hjjo8W0BTqPwDZPuwFk1"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"すべての回答者は、学生証などを使用してUniLinkによって審査された東大・京大・慶應・早稲田・一橋・東工大・旧帝大のいずれかに所属する現役難関大生です。加えて、実際の回答をUniLinkが確認して一定の水準をクリアした合格者だけが登録できる仕組みとなっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap mb-4","children":[["$","div","advice-part-0",{"children":[null,"自動詞と他動詞の見分け方って難しいですよね。私もすごく苦労しましたし、教えてきた生徒たちにとなかなか覚えてもらえませんでした。\n\n結論を言うと、自動詞か他動詞かは1単語ずつ覚えていく他ありません。\n強いて言うならenableやensureなどのように形容詞にenが着いているものはほぼ間違いなく他動詞だと見分けることができます。\n\nでは、どうやって覚えたらいいのか。\nそれは単語の使い方を思い出してみればいいのです。\nおそらく、今までArianaさんは自動詞他動詞を意識してこなかったのだと思います。\nですが、英作文はある程度出来ますよね？\n\n例えば、学校に行くを英訳するとgo to school と無意識に書くことが出来ると思います。\n\nそこから逆算して考えましょう。このgoという動詞は自動詞でしょうか他動詞でしょうか？答えはもちろん自動詞です。なぜなら動詞の後ろに目的語(名詞)が来ていないから。\n\nこのように、今まで使ったとこのある、見たことのある動詞というのは自然と例文が浮かんでくるはずなのです。その例文を思い出して自動詞か他動詞にカテゴライズしてあげるといいと思います。今まで何となく使い分けていたものに名前をつける感覚です。\n\nあと、世の中のほとんどの動詞は他動詞です。迷ったら他動詞だと思いましょう。\n\nそして、センター試験などに出る紛らわしい動詞はスクランブルやネクステ、ビンテージなどの「動詞の語法」にまとめられています。ここをしっかり覚えるのが1番効率はいいと思います。\n\nまとめると、\n・結論、覚えなくてはならない。\n・今まで何となく使っていた動詞を思い返して、自動詞他動詞の考え方を身近なものにする。\n・スクランブル等の教材でまとめられているものを覚える。\nです。\n\n1度自動詞他動詞の考え方が身につけば、これから覚える動詞がどっちなのかは考えずに居られなくなるので自然と覚えていけます。\n\nまとまりのない文章で長くなってしまいましたが、Arianaさんの勉強の参考になればと思います。受験が成功するように心から応援しております！"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L16",null,{"adviserImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_5D3702CD80DD4AFEB9B0253F62ED2A2F.jpg?alt=media&token=795942a0-c577-41f2-8d14-bbefa911e8d3","adviserName":"マック渡辺","adviserDepartment":"名古屋大学情報学部","adviceId":"hjjo8W0BTqPwDZPuwFk1","numberOfFan":7,"clipsAvg":11.6,"adviceRateAvg":4.555555555555555,"profile":"3年半塾講師をやってきた経験とノウハウで皆さんの学びをサポートします！"}]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://ck.jp.ap.valuecommerce.com/servlet/referral?sid=3364577&pid=884970531&vc_url=http%3A%2F%2Fshingakunet.com%2F%3Fvos%3Dnrmnvccp0000100","rel":"nofollow","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/document_request_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink 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mb-1","children":"はじめまして！\n\n動詞の語法ですが、最終的に頭にさえ入ればいいので絶対こうしないといけないというのはないです。むしろ人それぞれ合うやり方があるので色々試してみるといいかと思います。それが分からないから質問している！と思うかもしれませんが、｢覚え方｣よりも先に｢覚える内容｣について少し言及させてください。\n\n語法を覚えたいとのことですが、恐らく知らない単語がたくさん…と言うより知ってる単語に新たに知識を紐づけることに苦戦しているのかと思います。ただ全く新しい内容よりかはそういえば見た事・聞いた事あるような語法も割とあるかと思います。そういう時は新しく覚えるというより今まで見てきたものを整理する意識が大切です。\n\n結論から言うと、文型を意識するとかなりスッキリすると思います。\n例えば第四文型や第五文型をとる動詞はそこまで多くないので、まとめて覚えておく(調べれば色々出てくると思います)。\n第一文型(自動詞)と第三文型(他動詞)の両方をとる動詞もありますが、それも頻出分はまとめて覚えておく。また、自動詞の活用とと他動詞の活用で意味を分けて見るそれぞれで通ずるところが多いことがあります。\n\n最も大変なのが前置詞を伴う活用かと思います。\n多くの動詞には相性がいい前置詞があります。なので前置詞ごとではなく、各動詞が相性のいい前置詞を抑えておく方が効率的です。意外とそういうのは単語帳の隅に記載されてることが多いので、そういう所を中心にもう一周するのも手です。\n\nここで覚え方ですが、色々整理してみるとそこまで多くないと思います。書いた方が覚えられるなら書けばいいし、毎日目を通すだけで十分ならそれでいいと思います。僕自身ただ一覧リストを渡されると｢どう覚えたらいいんだ？｣とパニックになりますが、覚えるべきことが分かってからは早かったです。しきさんもまずはそれを意識してみると色々やり方が自ずと見えてくるかと思います。\n\n以上です。\n私なりの解釈で回答したので、聞きたいことと違う！と思った場合は申し訳ないです。また追加で質問していただければ対応します。\nそれでは勉強頑張ってください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"後ろにingやtoをとる動詞って覚える必要がありますか？"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"初めまして。大学生の身分で恐縮ながら回答させていただきます。\n\nここでのコメントはあくまで筆記試験における点数をとることをベースにした意見となりますので、参考程度にお考えください。\n\n結論から申し上げますと、逆に後者のもの(toとingどちらを用いて動名詞を構成するか)を重点的に学習した方が良いと私は考えました。\n\n恐らくですが、貴方が使われている教材ではかなり細やかに用法を分けて説明がなされているのだと思います。英語話者からするとそうした詳細のニュアンスについては違和感を感じるか否かで使い分けることが多いと考えられますが、実際の試験(受験生の多くが非英語話者)で長文を読み、理解する上ではどちらかと言うと、ingを用いるものかかto不定詞をとるものかを覚えている事の方が重要度が高いと考えられます。\n\n理由としては、toという単語ひとつにも様々な使い方があり、その場での用法を素早く判別することがより必要とされるためです。逆に、貴方がご説明をなされている〜志向や反復などの項目は、どちらかと言うと文法学者が解析し、非ネイティブの人の発話練習のために用いられるような説明に近いです。\n\n高校3年生ということで、試験まで残り時間も短くなりました。どうぞお身体に気を使いつつ、目標に向けてご尽力ください。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"文構造のとり方"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは！\n僕も同じような悩みを抱えたことがあったので回答させていただきます。\n\n文構造が取れないということですが、文法の授業で習ったであろう『5文型』などはきっちり理解出来ていますか？\n文構造がわからないという人の多くはSVOOとSVOCの違いがわからないと言います。そこの違いは理解していますか？\n\n文型がわからない！という悩みを解決する取っておきの方法があります。\nそれは動詞の語法を覚えることです。\nなぜこの方法が有効なのかというと、英語の文型は動詞によって決まっているからです。\nえー覚えるのなんてめんどくさい。なんて思ってませんか？受験は時間との勝負なので、出来るだけ考える時間は少なくしたいです。だから頑張って調べて覚えるのが良いと思います。\n\nただ全ての動詞の語法を覚えろということではありません。基本的な動詞(中学校で習うような動詞)を辞書で調べてみてください。きっと知らなかった語法が見つかるはずで、難関校になればなるほど、そういう所で差がつきます。\n\nですから自分で調べて、頑張って覚えてください！\n\n動詞の語法を覚えれば英作などでもミスが減り、いい和約も書けるようになります。\n応援してます！頑張ってください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"分からない単語の類推とは何か！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"慶應の経済学部の者です。\n英語は受験生時代かなり頑張ったので、回答させていただきます。\n名詞を類推するのか、動詞を類推するのか、類推しうるものはたくさんありますが、正直名詞は知らなきゃ終わりな一面もあるので、広く応用でき、文の理解や、他の単語の類推にも役立つ動詞の類推について話したいと思います。\n\n例えば give 物 to 人 という文型はご存知ですよね？\nこのように 動詞(以後Vと書きます) A to B というような文型を取る動詞はいくつ思いつきますか？\nノートに書き出してみてください。\nそれでは問題です。\n次の文を訳してみてください。\n\nNo special treatment was accorded to both countries.  \n\nどうですか？訳せますか？\nまず受動態だと文が訳しにくそうなので、能動態に直してみたいと思います。\n\n主語は何か特定できないためここでは便宜上Sとすると\n\nS accoded no special treatment to both countries.\n\nとなりますね。\n何か見えてきませんか？\nそうです、文型がgive A to Bの形をしているのです。\nつまり、ここでのaccordの意味はgiveに近いものなのでは？と推測出来ます。\n(実際accordには与えるという意味があります。)\nこのように、英語では同じ文型を取る動詞が同じような意味を取ることが往々にあります。\n\nだから類推力を高めるには、自分の力で似た形を取る動詞をグルーピングしてまとめるのです。\n\nすると、知らない単語や、見たことはあるけど意味が取れない単語の推測がうまくいく機会が増えていくと思います。\n\n問題は質問者様が高校三年生であること。あまり英語ばかりに構ってる時間はありません。\n\nだから夏休みが終わるまでは一週間に2〜3時間ほど時間をとって動詞のグルーピングに励み、秋以降はそれを復習するというスタンスで勉強するというのはいかがでしょうか？\n難関校になればなるほど、この類推力を試してくる傾向にあります。\n\nこんな方法じゃ大変そうで無理だと思うなら、諦めて単語帳を詰め込んで覚えましょう。単語を覚えていれば類推する必要なんて無いのですから。\n\n長々と書いてしまいましたが、僕から示せる指針はこんな感じです。\n是非頑張って慶應に合格してきてください！\n応援しています！\n\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 4-4-1.79-4-4-4zm0 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英語長文の読み方"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"英語がめちゃくちゃ苦手だった僕が読めるきっかけになったコツを紹介します。\n\n「and,orは等位接続詞」ということを意識することです。\n学校でも当たり前に習っていたものだったので、僕自身これが英文を読むための鍵になるとは思いませんでした。\n\n「等位接続詞」というのは、その接続詞の「前後の品詞が同等」であるというものです。\n\n例えば、andの後ろに動詞があれば、その動詞と対になるのは、同じ品詞である動詞になります。\n\n同様に、andの後ろが過去形の動詞であれば、その動詞と対になるのは、同じく過去形の動詞になります。\n\nさらに、andの後ろが文(S V〜)であれば、それと対になるのは、文になります。\n\nこれ意識すると、長文の精読はもちろん、難解な和訳にも応用できます。\n\n当たり前だと思うかもしれませんが、僕はこれを意識するだけで世界が変わりました！\nすごく簡単なことです。\n是非実践してみて下さい。\n\n【参考】\n名詞 and 名詞\n動詞 and 動詞(過去形、過去分詞形も同様)\n形容詞 and 形容詞\n副詞 and 副詞\n文 and 文\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英単語（日本語→英語）ができない"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"勉強お疲れ様です！\nまず、すべての英単語を日本語から英語に変換できるようになる必要はありません。大学受験のメインはリーディングであることが多いので、英語を見て日本語を思い浮かべることのほうが、圧倒的に重要だからです。これは記述メインだろうと選択メインだろうと同じです。だからといってどのレベルまでは英訳を覚えるべきかはわからないので、余裕があったらでいいと思います。\n覚え方としては、英語→日本語の時の勉強法と、反対のやり方でやればいいはずです。もしターゲットを使用しているなら、あの参考書は英語が赤字だったはずです。ほかにも赤シートで隠せるタイプの単語帳もいくつかありますよね。私は英語も日本語も黒字の単語帳を使っていたので、それぞれ赤シート、緑シートで隠れるように、マーカを引いていました。おかげで薄気味悪い色の単語帳になってしまいましたが、覚えるときに苦労はしませんでした！\n\nちなみに日本語→英語は、英作文で必要としているものだと思います。例えば「説得する」という日本語一つとっても、文によっては「納得してもらう」という使い方が上手くいくこともあります。もっと意訳すると、「自分の意見に”yes”と言わせる」なんていうものもあります。これなら使役を使って、何とかかけそうな気がしませんか？\n最後の例は極端にしても、英作文にはしっかりとした正解はありません。いろんな英訳の仕方がありますし、必ずしも端的に言い表す必要はありません。というか、言い表せないことのほうがずっと多いと思います。そういう時に慌てることなく、何か他の表現はないかな、と探す力が必要になってきます。そしてこの力は、英作文をたくさんことでしか身に着けられません。できたらだれか第三者の力を借りて、添削してもらえると良いと思います。また、文整序問題も練習になると思うので、やってみることをお勧めします。\n少しでもお役に立てたらうれしいです。応援しています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 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