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1c:T13e2,英語の長文を速く読む方法について質問に回答しつつ、そのために必要な技能を説明していきます。

【１】英文の脳内音読について
まず、英文を読むときに目だけで文章を追っているのかという質問に関しては、実際にはそんなことはありません。音読とは少し異なるかもしれませんが、(人によっては無意識のうちに)文章を嚙み砕いてから読んでいます。

しかし、場合によってはそのような感覚(目だけで追っているような感覚)になることはあります。その場合とは、特別に構造が複雑ではない簡単な文章を読むときです。極端な例ですが、日本語でも禁煙や立ち入り禁止のポスターなどを読むときに脳内で音読しているような感覚はないと思います。夏油傑が階級換算で2級以下の呪霊なら無条件に取り込める的な感じです(この例えは無視してもいいです)。とにかく、脳内で音読しないで読めるというのは自分の能力にもよりますが、「簡単な文章」を読むときに限るということを覚えておいてください。早稲田の過去問を解くうえでほとんどその感覚は使えないと思います。もちろん、自分の能力次第で「簡単な文章」の基準を上げていくことはできますが、使えても共通テストの簡単な文章くらいまでだと思います。

それでは、英文の速読が得意な人が目で見て理解したのを脳でイメージしているような感覚が生まれるのでしょうか。それは、脳内で英文解釈の処理スピードが高速で行われるからです。音読するときの解釈のスピードよりも、読むときの解釈のスピードが上回るときに目で見たものを直接脳内で処理しているような感覚が生まれます。従って、この感覚を養い、英文の速読を可能にするには英文解釈の精度を上げていく必要があります。

【２】ペンの動かし方について
英文を読むときに速読を可能にするペンの動かし方について解説していきます。
【１】でも説明したように速読を可能にするのは英文解釈の処理スピードです。従って、解釈の処理速度を上げるためのペンの動かし方を習得するば、速読の精度は上がります。

どのようなペンの動かし方をすれば、解釈の処理速度が上がるでしょうか。私が実際にやっていたのはスラッシュリーディングと言われる類の動かし方です。その名の通り、英文を読むときに文法上の区切りに沿ってペンで／を引きながら読んでいく方法です。割と有名な方法なので、調べれば様々なやり方が出てくると思います。

ここではスラッシュを引く場所について、私のやり方を説明します。私は前置詞(on,at,toなど)や接続詞(because,when,howeverなど)、関係詞節(that節など)、be動詞などを文法上の区切りとしてスラッシュを引いていました。ただし、必ずしもこのルールに従うわけではなく、英文の構造理解に役立つ程度に引いていました。自分のやりやすい方法を色々試して、見つけてみてください。

例１：The first great lesson a young man should learn/ is that he knows nothing,/ and that he is of /but little value.

例２：Strange things are/ easier to understand than/ those we know too well.


【３】実践するために必要な技能
さて、それでは【１】【２】で解説した方法を最大限発揮するために必要な技能とそのための勉強方法を説明します。

何度か書いてきたように、速読のためには英文解釈の処理スピードを上げる必要があり、そのためには英文解釈の精度を上げることが大切です。英文解釈とはよく精読と呼ばれるもので、複雑な構造の英文について、その構造を正確に読み取り、適切な和訳を行う作業を言います。速読においては、とりわけこの構造の読み取りの速さが重要になってきます。andが何と何をつないでいるのか、that節の範囲はどこまでか、butやhoweverは何との対比であるかを瞬時に判断できるようになることが必要です。

この練習としては、英文解釈の参考書を使って練習するのがいいと思います。有名な参考書でいえば、英文解釈の技術100、ポレポレ、透視図などがあります。自分で持っているものがあればそれで練習してみてください。上記のような構造理解ができているかを確認しながら取り組んでみてください。

他にも、速読のコツを別の質問で回答しているので、興味があればそちらも見てみてください。2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=dklYx8qUcmvFBmGS","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"長文の読み方"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",8,") コメント(",1,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"4/28 18:18"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark 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mb-2","children":"回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L15",null,{"adviserImageUrl":null,"adviserName":"igarashi","adviserDepartment":"早稲田大学商学部","adviceId":"dklYx8qUcmvFBmGS"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"すべての回答者は、学生証などを使用してUniLinkによって審査された東大・京大・慶應・早稲田・一橋・東工大・旧帝大のいずれかに所属する現役難関大生です。加えて、実際の回答をUniLinkが確認して一定の水準をクリアした合格者だけが登録できる仕組みとなっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap mb-4","children":[["$","div","advice-part-0",{"children":[null,"僕はだいたい６月ぐらいまではスラッシュや線を引いたりしてゆっくりと分析しながら読んでいました。\nやはりスラッシュなどをいれて文の構造をわかりやすくすることにより、より英語の文を目で見安い風にでき、頭に入りやすくなります。\nそして、それをつづけていくことで、だんだんとなんにもずに前からスラスラと読んでいけるようになっていきます。\nむしろ逆に構造などをしっかりと確認しながらやらないと、いくらやってもスラスラと読めるようにはなりませんよ！\nなのでしっかりと手を動かして勉強してください！\n応援してます！！！"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L16",null,{"adviserImageUrl":null,"adviserName":"igarashi","adviserDepartment":"早稲田大学商学部","adviceId":"dklYx8qUcmvFBmGS","numberOfFan":66,"clipsAvg":7.223880597014926,"adviceRateAvg":4.368421052631579,"profile":"早稲田大学商学部一年生\n高校生時代では学年ビリを取った経験有り。\n成績で1も取り、三者面談を行なったこともあります。\n受験勉強開始は高3の５月。\nそれでも合格をした秘訣を教えます！"}]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://ck.jp.ap.valuecommerce.com/servlet/referral?sid=3364577&pid=884970531&vc_url=http%3A%2F%2Fshingakunet.com%2F%3Fvos%3Dnrmnvccp0000100","rel":"nofollow","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/document_request_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink 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△\n\nのような文章が来た時、文法理解が甘い人はmakeを第三文型の「〜をつくる」で解釈しますが、理解が深い人はパッと見たときに第五文型であることに気づき、○と△の間に/をひきます。そして、「主語が原因で○が△になる」という構造から文意を把握します。\n\n文法理解は読解の質を大きく左右することがご理解いただけましたか？\n\n文法的に文章を読むトレーニングをしていくうちに/の入れどころもわかるようになり、読解の質も向上するはずです。\n\nこの夏頑張ってくださいね。誰にでも飛躍できるチャンスです。この機会を逃さないでください。\n\nそれでは。\n\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 4-4-1.79-4-4-4zm0 10c-2.67 0-8 1.34-8 4v2h16v-2c0-2.66-5.33-4-8-4z","children":[]}]]],"style":{"color":"$undefined"},"height":16,"width":16,"xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs","children":["早稲田大学政治経済学部"," 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英語長文を読む時"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":" 英語の授業では、()「」//やさまざまな色を用いて解説がされるため、自分もそれらを用いて解かないといけないのかと思うが、それでは制限時間内に回答しきれない…しかし、だからと言って、マークを用いないと、英語が目の上を滑っていくかのように頭に入らず、何回も同じ箇所を読み直す羽目になる…\n\n私も全く同じ経験がありました！\n\n\n\nまず、「英語長文を早く読むためにはどうすれば良いのか」という点についてお答えします。\n\n 私は、句や詞に関わらず、ひとまとめにした方がわかりやすい部位を全て()で囲っていました。別に()でなくてもいいです。タカアキさんが書きやすい記号を使ってください。\n\n\n\n次に、「何にマークしているか」という点についてお答えします。\n\n 私は、上記のようにまとまりにマークした上に、主語にもマークをしていました。また、対比に注目していました。 \n\n 例えば日本人とアメリカ人について書かれた文章であれば、十中八九、日本人とアメリカ人の間には対比関係があります。私であればJapanese に△、American に▽の印をつけます。これにより、その文章がどちら側の立場の話であるかが分かりやすいですよね。\n\n\n\n\n\n以上です。これからも頑張ってください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary 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10.05z","children":[]}]]],"style":{"color":"$undefined"},"height":16,"width":16,"xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs mr-2","children":7}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs rounded-lg border border-text px-4","children":"英語"}]]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"ml-3","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"bg-caption w-20 h-20 rounded-sm overflow-hidden","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"w-full h-full 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英語長文について"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"　長文読解が得意でしたのでお答えします。\n　基本的な姿勢として、文章が何を言ってるのかわからなくなったら構文スイッチを入れて、文の中でどれが名詞役で副詞役で、、などと分析します。しかし基本これはやらずどんどん読まないと素早く読みきれないはずです。長文は結局スピード勝負ですので速度を意識して欲しいです。注意点としては、長文では、\"ここわかんないから一旦飛ばしてよんでいけばわかるだろう\"、というやり方は勧めません。そういうモヤモヤが重なると結局後々読み進められなくなり、問題の箇所に戻ってくることになります。わからないところに出会ったら一旦ある程度粘って考え、さっさと解決させるべきです。このときに初めて印をつけて構文分析します。印をつけると文構造を一目で掴めるようになり楽になるので、私も入試の時わからなくなったらこの手段を使ってました。\n　さて、問題はその方法ですが、個人的には最初に動詞を見極めvと書き込むと良いと思います。動詞が文の\"型\"を決めているからです。動詞によってSVなのかSVCなのかSVOなのかSVOOなのかSVOCなのかが決まります。次に主語となる名詞節を探しsと書き込みます。カッコでくくるほど長くなる事もあるし、形式主語のitである場合もあるでしょう。ここでsvが決まるのでだいぶ文構造が見えてくるはずです。副詞は\"なくても文意が通じる\"ものですので、あまり気にしません。むしろ文構造を知りたい時には邪魔な存在なので、見つけたら私は線で消してました。そうするといきなりシンプルな文構造が浮かび上がってくることがよくあるのでお勧めできます。あとは多分大丈夫です。\n　形式主語構文について補足すると、私は\"形式s\"と書いて、普通のitでない事を意識させてました。強調構文はitとthatを丸でくくり、\"強調\"と書いてました。\n　\n　以上が私なりのアドバイスです。長文が得意だと英語を武器にできますから是非頑張って下さい。健闘を祈ります。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英語の長文問題を大きなまとまりで理解するには"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"私なりの解決方法を２つほど提案してみます！！参考になれたら幸いです！！\n\n\n✅緩急をつけて読む。\n\n→難関大の長文はとても長いです。全部をゆーっくり読んでいては読み終わりません…世間一般では速読が必要！と言われてますが私は速読というよりは緩急をつけた読み方！という言い方がいいかなって思います。速読速読と意識していたら大事なところも猛スピードで読んでしまいますよね。難関大の文章でそんな猛スピードで読んで大事なところが理解できますかっていう話です。けっこう難易度高いですよね…。だからこそ日頃から文章を読む際はただ読むのではなくて緩急読みを意識してあげてください。\n\n✅パラグラフの役割を理解\n\n→各パラグラフがどのような役割、どのようなポジションにあるのか。筆者の主著は一体なに段落なのか。これを意識してあげてください。私はこの練習は長文を読む際に論理チャートを書いて全体の構造を文字に起こす練習をしていました。もちろん本番はそんな暇ないのでしませんが練習の段階だったらやっても損がないと思います。パラグラフリーディングのスキルはセンターでも難関大でもあらゆるところで求められますからね。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"早慶に絶対行きたい"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"僕が長文読解で気をつけていたポイントをいくつか書き留めておきます。行き詰まった時に参考にしてみてください。\n\n\n①段落読み（パラグラフリーディング）\n長文を読むときは一気に全部読まないこと。まずは一段落目を読んでみて、設問を見てみる。この段階で解けそうなものは解いてしまって、もう解ける問題がなくなったら二段落目に進む。こうやって段落ごとに読んでその都度設問を処理していけば、どこに何が書いてあったかもなんとなく覚えつつ効率的に読み進めていけます。\n\n②ディスコースマーカーに注意\nいわゆる接続後のようなものです。これを目に留めておけば、文章全体の論理の流れが分かりやすくなります。例えばOn the other handとかって書いてあれば、「反対に」という意味だから、この後には今までと逆の内容が書かれるぞ、とある程度予測を立てながら読めますね。\n\n③言い換え表現にも注意\n長文内では同じ事を表現するにも、最初とは違う言葉を使うことが多いです。なので単語としては初めてでも、内容としては今まで説明されたことである可能性があります。これを見逃してしまうと文章の意味を取り違えてしまうので、この点は留意しておいてください。\n\n④分からなくなったら構文把握\n長文を読むときは、頭の中ではいちいち和訳を作る必要はありません。そんなことしてたらいくら時間があっても足りませんね。なので、もし英語のまま意味がスッと入ってこないようでしたら、訳すまではいかなくていいので、構文を把握しましょう。つまり、その文にSVOCを割り振って下さい。これだけでもなんとなくの意味合いが分かってきます。\n\n\n以上です。\nとにかく英語の長文は何を論じてるのかがわかればあと問題を解くのはさほど難しくはありません。一文一文を正確に読むことと、文章全体の論理構成を把握することを心掛けて日々の演習に活かしてください。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 4-4-1.79-4-4-4zm0 10c-2.67 0-8 1.34-8 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