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1b:T2799,こんばんは！
こうしんです！

文章の要約について一通り説明しますね。僕の観点ですが、モチベUPにつながると嬉しいです！
・文章要約の意味とは
・文章要約の方法
について説明します！


・文章要約の意味とは

単純に、文章を要約することができる、ということは文章を理解しているということと同義です。なぜなら、文章を要約するとは、「文章を通して作者が伝えたい情報を抽出、または探し出して簡潔な文章にまとめる」作業のことを言います。
なので、文章を要約の練習が今のうちにできていれば、様々な情報を素早く読み取り素早く簡潔な情報にまとめるといった、日常的にも有効なスキルの育成になります。
現在は情報社会ですので、要約が上手くできると、多くの場面で役に立つでしょう。

また他の教科にも応用できます。特に現代文には非常に有効です。要約には文章の構造を素早く読み取る技術が必要なので、その技術を要約で体得してしまえば現代文の構造把握の力になること間違いありません。
さらには記述問題にも役に立ちます。先走った説明になりますが、上記の要約を達成するには「構造の素早い把握と、読み取った情報構造の素早い構造化（文章の構成）」が鍵になります。この後者のスキルが記述問題に生かされます。記述問題は、「分かりやすく正確に」が求められるので、構造化ができればかなり大きな武器になること間違い無いです。

とこのように、「要約」自体に意味があるのではなく、要約のスキル育成に伴う副次的なスキル育成が大きな意味となって、今後の将来に生かされます。

ところが、当たり前ですがこのスキル、非常に難しいです。当たり前です。「構造の把握」と「構造化」というレベルの高い２つの技術を一辺に使うわけですから。
なので、方法論を学ばないまま「要約してきて」と言われたのであれば、その絶望さ加減、心中お察し致します。
後述する方法論が質問者様の参考になれば幸いです。


・文章要約の方法

前述した通り、文章要約は２つのスキル「情報構造の読み取り」、「構造化」のスキルで構成されています。
現代文の要約にも対応できるよう、一つずつ一般的な説明をした後、英語の要約にも触れます。長くなりますが見てもらえると幸いです。

「情報構造の読み取り」
情報構造というのは、一言で言えば文脈です。話の流れです。つまり話がどう展開していくかを把握することがこのスキルの目標です。
ではどう把握するのか？
→文章の構成の基本を学び、文章の構成が何に当てはまるかを考える。ですね。
文章構成の基本とは、「具体抽象」、「因果関係」といった論理の流れを含む話者の技法を、「①なんの目的なのために」、「②どういう情報を含むのか」という点で把握していることです。（各点①②で説明ます）
一つずつ説明していきましょう。

・抽象→具体
①抽象部分の細かい説明のために具体例で説明する形。
②抽象部分のみが大事な情報です。

・譲歩→逆説→主張
①筆者への対立意見を譲歩することによって潰し、自分の意見を強調するのが目的。
②伝えたいことはあくまで主張なので、主張部分のみが大事な情報です。

・対比
①これも対立命題を出すことで、自身の意見を際立たせているのが目的。ただし、自分の意見の説明の中で対比を用いてる場合もあるので注意。
例）主張「科学者と哲学者はどちらも必要」
→どっちも説明する。
②①の前者では、意見だけが重要な情報だが、後者（例の方）は対比関係になっているどちらの情報も重要で、「対比関係」にあること自体重要。

・追加、列挙
①何個かある事例をわかりやすく並べることが目的。
②全部大事。

・因果関係
①因果関係にあることを示すのが目的。（そのまま）
②どちらも大事。ただし因と果と、どっちがどっちなのか把握することが重要。

ですね。これらを把握していきましょう。


「構造化」
構造化は、上で言った文脈の中で、重要なものだけを整理することです。整理する、というのは、論理の再構成、つまり因果関係、対比、列挙を全てわかりやすく構成することです。
これには、日本語で書く場合、接続詞を使うと非常にわかりやすくなります。
例えば、「つまり」を使うと「内容の言い換え」がくるのだということが分かりますし、「それに対して」を使うと、「内容の対比」がくることを意味します。

以下、少しですが、その接続詞を上げていくので参考にしてください。
「言い換え」なら、つまり、言い換えれば、要するに、まとめると。
「対比」なら、一方で、それに対して。
「列挙」なら、第一に、まず、または。
ですね。


では英語の要約について言及していきます。
具体的には「情報構造の読み取り」の英語版の説明を挙げます。
「構造化」については要約のほとんどが日本語なので、上の説明で間に合うので大丈夫だと思います。
英語の「情報構造の読み取り」にはディスコースマーカーを目印にすると分かりやすいです。それも挙げておいたので参考にしてください。

・抽象→具体
もっとも典型的なパターンです。まず抽象的なことをいった後に、具体例などを用いてその抽象的なことを説明していきます。筆者の主張を表す展開パターン２通りのうちの一つです。
例えば、「人間は多様的な動物である。例えば、科学的な物事を深く追求する人もいれば、文学を深く追求する人もいる。こうした考え方に人それぞれ異なっている点でも、その多様性が伺える。」といった文章があれば、一文目の「多様的」を二文目以降で説明していますね。
では、それを表すディスコースマーカーは、example, such as, instanceといった「例えば」を表す言葉ですね。

・譲歩→逆説→主張
コレは日本語の文章でもよく見ますね。「もちろん、君の考え方もある意味では正しい。だが、私の考えは〜だ。」といった文章を、一般化したものです。これは、英語の文章でも非常によく見られ、上のパターンと合わせて筆者の主張を表す展開パターンの２つのうち一つです。
ディスコースマーカーは、譲歩、逆説、主張、それぞれに存在します。
譲歩のマーカーは、though, even if, nevertheless, despite, of courseなどです。
逆接のマーカーは、but, yet, however, still, insteadなどです。
主張のマーカーは、should, must, had better, I think, It is importantなどです。

・対比、言い換え
英語の文章では非常によく見る展開です。なぜなら英語圏では日本語よりも対比を意識しており、文章の主題にしていることが多いです。例えば、「科学と哲学」の対比は京大系の文章でよく見られて有名ですね。
また、対比、言い換えは見つけると大きい利点があります。それは文章の展開が非常に予測しやすくなるという点です。AとBの対比であれば、Aの説明の後にはBの説明が来ると予測できるからです！
よく見られる展開パターンかつ利点が多い「対比、言い換え」は特に注意（意識）して探してください。
ディスコースマーカーは、対比、言い換えに分けて列挙していきます。
対比のマーカーは、while, whereas, on the other hand, by contrast, differentなどですね。
言い換えのマーカーは、In other wordsとコロン、セミコロンなどですね。

・追加、列挙
追加列挙は、同族の単語たちを並列して挙げていくことです。これに関しては、日本語の文章でもよく見ますし作文でも使いますよね。
例えば、「第一に〜」とあれば、「第二」が必ずある、「また」がくれば、同じような内容の文章が来ると予想できますね。
追加、列挙のマーカーは、上の日本語の具体例に対応したものばかりです。なのでここでは軽く挙げますね。まず「第一に」等を表す、firet, in the first place、「また」を表すalso, besides, moreover等ですね。

・因果関係
最後の展開パターンです。対比、抽象→具体に続き大事な展開です。
日本語では、「だから」「そうなると」に対応します。あまり意識はしませんが、英語の長文という読むだけで苦労する文章では、意識すると文章がつかみやすいです。
ではマーカーを紹介していきます。因果関係は、次に「理由、原因」が来るものと、「結果、結論」が来るのと２通りのパターンがあります。
前者は、because, since, result from, on account ofなどですね。
後者は、so, therefor, thus, hence, then, cause, result inなどですね。

説明は以上です。お疲れ様でした！
要約は大変ですがリターンが大きいです。頑張ってください！1d:Tc41,最終的には、筆者の主張やその根拠が重要です。具体例はあくまでそれを理解するための補助線のようなものです。この立場に立って、意識してみて欲しいことを述べます。
 まず、段落の最初の部分と最後の部分をしっかり把握して、続く部分と対応させながら読みましょう。基本的に、評論文では、段落の最初(1文目とは限りません。)の方で、その段落で何を言おうとしているかを述べていることが多いです。ちなみに、そのような文をトピックセンテンスと言います。そして、その文で述べられた内容を具体的に説明する文章が続くことがよくあります。また、最後の部分では(次の段落の最初のこともあります)、その段落のまとめが書かれていることが多いです。トピックセンテンスと、その他の文を関連付けて読むことで、その段落の要点が何で(例えば、どんな主張がなされているか、どのような、あるいは何に対する具体例が挙げられているのか)、その根拠や具体例がなにかを整理しやすくなると思います。
 ディスコースマーカーにも着目しましょう。andやor、but、because、,soなどの接続詞や、therefore、thus、howeverのような接続副詞、あるいはfor example、in particularのような句は明示的に前後の関係性を示してくれています。そのような語句に注意することで、内容と内容の関係性が分かります。それによって、論理構成が分かりますし、結果的に重要な箇所とそうでないかしょを考えるヒントになります。
 さらに、語句の抽象度にも注意しましょう。例えば、

日本食は美味しい。特に寿司や天ぷらは絶品だ。

のような文章では、日本食から、寿司、天ぷらで抽象度が下がって、具体的になっています。このような例では、より具体的な文が、抽象的な文の具体例になっていることが多いです。具体的な文と抽象的な文の対応を考えると、何が主張で何が例なのかがはっきりわかり、文章を整理しやすくなると思います。
 また、例が何に対するものなのか、根拠が何に対応するのかを意識しましょう。例えば、筆者の主張に対する例か、一般論に対する例か、根拠となる文を理解するための例なのかを考えましょう。

以上で、取り組み方のコツをいくつか述べてきました。まだ直前期ではないので、時間に間に合わせることにこだわるよりは、精読を意識してみてはいかがでしょう。その上で、上記のことを意識しながら、段落ごとの内容をまとめてみるといいかもしれません。また、段落間の関係を確認したり、文章全体の内容を要約したりすることで、情報の整理ができるようになっていくと思います。2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=aSKq_msBTqPwDZPu1xX9","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"要約の方法"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",36,") コメント(",1,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs 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など。)を見つけたらマークしておく。\n\nそして、実際に要約を書く際には、文章の構造が複雑だったりぐちゃぐちゃだったりしたら必要に応じて順番を入れ替えて書く。まずは下書きをし、対立構造があれば含めつつ上にあげた①②③を書く。\n\n指定字数が余るようであれば②の根拠の根拠のうち、更に説明を加えた方がよさそうな所を補足したり、根拠で拾いきれていない部分がないか探す。一方、指定字数を超えてしまうようであれば、分かりやすく言い換えて字数を縮められるところがないか探し、字数を減らす。\n\nこんな感じですかね。ざっと書いてみました。分かりにくかったら言ってください。"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L16",null,{"adviserImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_E04D5E8094D74D6A993855B082382673.jpg?alt=media&token=fc5d76ab-6ec5-4d14-aceb-7d1eef683c1d","adviserName":"a.y","adviserDepartment":"慶應義塾大学経済学部","adviceId":"aSKq_msBTqPwDZPu1xX9","numberOfFan":3,"clipsAvg":6.1,"adviceRateAvg":5,"profile":"慶應経済の１年です。慶應はA方式で受けました。\n\nセ試科目:英,国語,ⅠA,ⅡB,世界史,地理,生物基礎,化学基礎\n得意科目:数学\n苦手科目:世界史\n\n今は某塾でバイトをしておりますので、そこで先生から聞いた話も回答に反映させられたらいいなあ、と思っております。また、元々国立志望でしたので、国立向けの質問にも回答できるかと思います。\n\nいい回答だな、と思っていただけたら、クリップ等、よろしくお願いします🙏"}]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://ck.jp.ap.valuecommerce.com/servlet/referral?sid=3364577&pid=884970531&vc_url=http%3A%2F%2Fshingakunet.com%2F%3Fvos%3Dnrmnvccp0000100","rel":"nofollow","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/document_request_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"早稲田・文学部　英文要約について"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"お疲れ様です‼️また回答失礼しますね。\n\n要約のポイントは、\n無駄なことを書かない！\n話の核だけを抜き出すことです！\n\n無駄なこととは主に具体例です。\n話の核とはそれを加えなければ話が通じない、本筋通りにいかないものです。\n\nこれを理解できるようになるには、「論理的読解」力をつけなければなりません。\n論理的読解とは、文章の構成を理解し内容がわかることをいいます。構成を理解しているならば自分で内容を予測できる力とも言えます。\nex \n1段落目は一般論、導入、逆説してから主張、簡単な理由。\n2段落目で例や意見。\n3段落目で逆説や反対意見、例。\n4段落目でそれに対する意見や反論、データ。\n5段落目で主張の反復。\nといったくらいに受験の長文は綺麗な構成になっています。\n\n練習の段階で1度ゆっくり読んで、段落ごとに要約、そして役割を書き出してください。また、その役割を示す単語にも注意してください。(ディスコースマーカー)\n\n例えば、ButやHoweverの前後をみると、前には一般論、後ろには主張が来るとこが多いです。(特に大文字Butはほぼそう)\n\nというのも逆説をつかう利点は説得性を上げるためにあります。1度一般的な意見、みんなが信じ込んでいることを否定することで説得力を上げています。\n\nと言った具合に段落、文の役割を理解して何が重要かそうでないかを要約問題に限らず意識してみてください。\n私は要約問題がありませんでしたが、やった長文を要約していました。\n\n参考書や添削サービスですが、『英文解釈要約精巧』など人気がありそうですね。色々調べて書店で手に取ってみてください。また、個人メッセージで書いたものを送っていただければ時間の許す限りいつでも見てアドバイス出来るものはします。宜しかったらどうぞご活用ください。\n\nそれでは頑張ってください‼️"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英語長文の解き方"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"①パラグラフ（段落）ごとに線で区切って番号を振る\n②各パラグラフで筆者が1番言いたいこと（テーマ）に線を引く\n③テーマを一言二言にまとめて各パラグラフの端っこにメモる\n\nの3つを行うと読みやすくなります。特に③は筆者が伝えたいテーマ（趣旨）と残りの付属装飾部分（具体例など）をしっかり区別することで、内容を的確に捉えて時間短縮する上でとても効率がいいです。\n\n質問者様は、長文を何も考えずにダラダラ読んでちょっと前に読んだところの内容を忘れてしまったり、結局筆者は何が言いたいんだ？というふうに文章の中で迷子になった経験はありませんか？他にも、問題で問われている箇所を探すのに時間がかかってしまったりしませんか？\n\n上記の3つを実践すればそういうことを防げるようになりますよ。例えば③のメモ書きがあれば問題で問われている箇所を一瞬で見抜くことができますよね。是非実践してみてください。\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英語 長文"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは！慶應義塾大学文学部のネギタコ焼きと申します。\n・そうですね、理解できた部分に戻って、論理展開を意識して読み直していくことでしょうか？\n・前提として、英文の論理展開の原則を知っておいてほしいので、紹介しておきますね。\n\n《英文の論理展開の原則》\n①英文は抽象→具体の順で展開する\n②１つのパラグラフには、１つの話題や主張がある。\n③最初と最後の段落では、その本文の主張が展開される傾向がある。\n＊具体例を導入して始まり、後半で主張を展開するなど特殊な展開ケースもあるので、全ての英文に当てはまるわけではない。\n\n・以上のような原則があります。なので、特に段落冒頭の1文はトピックセンテンスである可能性が高いです。そうしたセンテンスをチェックしていくと、話の流れが掴みやすくなります。\n・まとめると、英文を読むとき話題の中心となる文に線を引きながら、内容を掴み、もしわからなくなってしまったら、理解できたトピックセンテンスに戻り内容を整理して読み直すと良いでしょう。\n・またパラグラフの横に主張を一言でメモすることも有効かと思います。\n\nお役に立てたかわかりませんが、以上になります。\n頑張ってください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"百字要約は必要か"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"なさん、こんにちは☺️\n一橋大学商学部の〆さばです。\n\n根本的な話になってしまいますが、宿題であればめんどくさがらずにやりましょう　笑\n\nでは、100字要約は必要かという話をしますが余裕があれば取り組むほうが良いと思います。例えばですが推薦などで小論文を使う可能性がある、もしくは一橋（自分の大学の宣伝では決してありませんよ　笑）のように国語の入試で要約が課されるような大学を志望する可能性があるなら積極的に取り組むべきです。\n要約とは文章中から要素を抜き出してくるというものですが、上達するには数をこなして慣れるしかないです。ですが、要約力が上がれば文章の理解力が上がったり、文中の要旨を簡単に見つけやすくなります。端的に言えば、これまで部分点しかもらえていなかったのに満点回答を作りやすくなるといった感じですかね。\n\n\nさて、要約のやり方ですが、前述した通り文章中から要素を抜き出すだけです。あくまで感覚的な話で申し訳ないのですが、１〜２段落に１つは要約に使う要素があると思ってください。（これは文章の内容、文字数によって異なります）まずは要素を見つけて、それらの要素を接続詞などで繋いで文章化する作業が要約です。要約問題は基本的に解答に含まれる要素の数で採点されます。ですからできるだけ余計な文字数を使わず、要素を入れ込みましょう。加えて、例や抽象的な表現などは要素には基本はいらないので削るか、言い換えている箇所を探してみてください。\n\n\n基本的に現代文の点数が安定して高い人は意識的または無意識的に段落のざっくりとした内容を捉えています。（例えば、この段落はこういうことを言っているんだな　という感じです）１００字要約もプロセス的には同じようなものです。\n\n\nこういう表現が適切かはわかりませんが慣れてくれば作業的な感覚でできるようになるので是非やってみてください。\n\n\n質問等あればお気軽にどうぞ^_^\n\nコロナの影響で色々大変ですが、勉強頑張ってください！\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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