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1c:T1b43,　筆者の主張を判別するために意識すべき点についていくつか書こうと思います。

①断定的な表現について
　例えば、「勉強において有酸素運動がもたらす恩恵は大きい。」という文と、「勉強において有酸素運動がもたらす恩恵は大きいのである。」という文では、後者の方がより断定的な表現です。断定的な表現は、それだけその分の内容に強みを持たせる働きがあり、文章の書き手からすれば、自分が読者に伝えたい内容ほど、無意識にそれを強めるべく断定的な表現を使ってしまいます。私も実際、大学でレポート課題を何度も課されては書いてきましたが、最も伝えたい結論部分などは無意識に断定的な表現を使ってしまいます。なので、「～なのである」「～のである」「～なのだ」といった、断定的な表現があったら、筆者の主張はここではないかと疑ってみましょう。

②接続詞について
　例えば、(A)「朝食を食べることによって、外部からの刺激を受け、目が覚める」、(B)「一日三食をちゃんと食べることが健康維持には大事である」、(C)「咀嚼は一定のリズムで体を動かすリズム運動のうち最も手軽なもので、これにより、脳内にセロトニンが分泌され、目覚めも良くなり頭もすっきりする」という３つの文章があったとします。これだけでは、どの文も重要性においては同じで、このうち筆者が最も言いたいことは何かということは判別がつきません。しかし、この後に(D)「したがって、朝食は毎朝食べるべきである」と続いた場合はどうでしょうか。「したがって」という因果関係を表す接続詞があることによって、たちまち(A)、(B)、(C)はいずれも(D)を導くための布石に過ぎないことになります。実際の評論文では、例えば(A)という一つの根拠を書くためにも、具体例やさらに(A)自体を導くための根拠などを示し、一つあるいは複数の段落を丸々使って書かれることも多々あります。なので、その情報の重要度や文章全体における役割がなんであるかを意識して読まないと、長い文章に当たった時ほど筆者の主張を見落としやすくなります。これを防ぐために、文と文との間の接続詞に注目し、両者の関係、そして文章全体の構造に常に焦点を当てることを心がけましょう。このほかにも、「要するに」「つまり」など、それ以前の内容をまとめるはたらきの接続詞にも注意しましょう。長い文章ほど、筆者自身が所々で何を言いたいのかをまとめてくれることには大変ありがたく感じます。

③逆接の接続詞には特に注意
　以下の二つを比べてみましょう。
(a)「彼は秀才だが、運動はからきしだめだ。」
(b)「彼は運動はからきしだめだが、秀才だ。」
「彼は秀才だ」という情報と、「彼は運動はからきしだめだ」という情報の伝わる強度が、(a)では後者の方が強く、(b)では逆に前者の方が強く感じると思います。このように、読者にとって逆接の後の情報はそれより前の情報よりも強く伝わります。この性質を利用して、筆者は自分が伝えたい情報を逆接の後にもって来たり、「もちろん～である」と反対意見に譲歩したうえで、「しかし～」と逆接を使って自分の主張を強めたり（譲歩逆接構文）する工夫をします。なので、逆接の接続詞が来たら、その後に書かれている内容にはより一層の注意を払いましょう。
　余談ですが、このように、情報に順序をつけることによって、その伝わる強度に違いをもたせる表現の技巧を、香西秀信さんは『レトリック探究法』内の「事実は『配列』されているか？」において、「順序のレトリック」と称して細かく説明されています。興味のある方は読んでみると面白いかもしれませんね。

④本文の構造について（主に統括のしかた）
　筆者の主張とその根拠が、「（主張）なぜなら、～（根拠）」と書かれるか、「（根拠）したがって～（主張）」と書かれるのかといった違いです。例えば一つの段落があった時に、段落の冒頭で主張が述べられる場合と、段落の末尾で主張が述べられる場合があります。どこに主張があるかで、さっきまで読んでいた内容が何の役割をもっているのかわからなくなる時があります。なので、その文章、その段落において、主張がどこに書かれているのか、すなわち、ひとつの大きな内容についてどこで統括が行われているのかを常に把握するよう努めることが、文章を読むに当たり重要になってきます。

　以上の４点だけでも意識するだけでかなり変わると思います。これら以外にも、評論文を読むために意識すべきことはたくさんあります。上で挙げた点を含め、そのほかの点については、『現代文標準問題精講』（旺文社）に勝る参考書はないと思います。この参考書は、評論文の比重が圧倒的に重いですが、評論文を読むのが苦手だったり、評論文を読む力を極めたいという人には最強の参考書だと個人的には評価しています。私が受験生時代に使った参考書のうち、一番好きな参考書です。参考書を選ぶ際の参考にぜひ。
　最後に、センスで点が取れる人は、幼少期から多くの本を読んでいたりして、その圧倒的な経験による慣れの産物なのか、無意識に重要な部分とそうでない部分が判別できてしまうという人がほとんどだと思います（私の周りではそうでした）。しかし、自分の中でちゃんと根拠をもって情報の重要度を判別できないと、自分がどのように文章を読んでいたのかが自分自身でわからないので、スランプに陥るなどしたときにそこからなかなか復帰できないことがしばしばです。そのため、センスに頼って問題を解くのは、それで満足に点が取れているうちはまだいいとしても、その実かなりのリスクを負っているとも言えます。なので、センスを磨くのではなく、実力を磨くことに重点を置くべきであると私は思います。1d:T14a1,言っていることが多少捉えにくいですのでご注意下さい。あととても長いです…

難しい文章になると単語帳に載ってる言い方から離れた翻訳になることはよくあります。
自分が受験期にしていたことは、概念を意識することでした。単語の概念を意識すると型にはまることもなく文章を多様に訳せるようになります。

では、概念を意識するとはどういうことか。それは、類語を意識することだと思ってください。例えばですが、preventという単語の意味に関して、概念の範疇内で違った言い方(訳し方)をできる限り多く頭に浮かべてください。(限界まで浮かべたら下へ)


















どうでしょうか。恐らく浮かんだ数が多ければ多い人ほど柔軟な翻訳能力が備わっていると思います。

「防ぐ」「阻む」「抑え込む」「押しとどめる」「差し止める」「封じる」「禁じる」「庇う」「助ける」「おかげで〜回避できる」…など、単語帳に載っていない沢山の異なる言い方があると思います。意味の類語から類語へとどんどん連想していくだけで適切な訳が見つかってきます。

「助ける」や「おかげで〜回避できる」などに疑問を持った方も居ると思いますが、例えば、
He prevented me from repeating a year.という文では「彼が留年から私を救ってくれた。彼のおかげで留年しないで済んだ。」などという風に訳したほうが自然です。「彼は私を留年から防いだ。」という様な訳だと意味は通じるけれど翻訳の仕方が下手ですよね。これが臨機応変にその場に合った翻訳ができるということを指すのです。
難しい言い方をしますが、概念とは同類のものから共通部分をぬき出して得た表象であり、類語はその共通部分を帯びた言葉に当たります。場面に応じた翻訳の仕方が上手い人は、単語帳に載っている言い方だけでなく単語の意味を概念で捉えた上でその類語力に力があるのではないでしょうか。(伝わりにくかったらすみません)


また、単語推測に関しては長文のトピックを掴んだ上で文章の流れや文脈、書き手の意思を汲み取って考えてみると知らない単語の意味が推測できますよ。

例えば、形容詞 jubilant を例に文を作ります。

She has jubilant eyes for a perfect score in math. 

この場合、 文脈を見るべきですよね。jubilant という単語は良い意味なのか悪い意味なのかどちらなのでしょうか。それは、for以下を見れば a perfect score から jubilant が良い意味だということがわかりますよね。
「彼女は数学で100点満点を取って嬉しそうな目をしている。」
実際はこのように簡単にはいきませんが、長文の途中で未知の単語が出てきても前後の文脈が理解できれば多少は意味が推測できるはずです。(動詞や形容詞なら意味的にマイナスかプラスかなど)


以上の二点(類語連想、文脈理解)を踏まえて、実践してみましょう。

下記の英文はある料理本に載っている注釈の一部を抜粋したものです。

If your recipe is for a dessert, soup, or other 
item recommended as a side course, please nail down your 
submission includes suggestions for main dishes that it 
would complement.

上手く翻訳できるでしょうか。

ポイントは4つあります。

①nail down
②submission
③suggestions
④complement


submissionとは「提案、提出、投稿」などの意味ですがここではレシピに関する話をしているので、料理そのものを指しますよね。

suggestionsは「示唆」や「暗示」を表しますがこの場合、名詞で訳さず動詞的に「しそう、できそう」と訳した方が適切な翻訳になりますよね。

complementは「を完全にする」などの意味ですがそれだと意味的に通らないので、類語を連想して文脈に当てはめると「を引き立たせる、を映えさせる」とすることができますよね。

最後に、nail downですがこれは以上の3点を理解した後に意味が見えてきます。「〜するようにする」の意味ですが、pleaseやsubmission以降の文からわかるはずです。

従って、和訳は

「お作りになるレシピがデザートやスープなどのサイドメニューでしたらメイン料理を上手く引き立たせられるようご確認下さい。」

となります。



結論何が言いたいかというと、適切な訳を思いつくようにするには類語を連想することが手っ取り早いということです。単語推測に関しては国語的な力も必要ですが(文脈や筆者の言いたいことに対する理解)、鍛錬すれば「あ、今こんなこと言ってるんだな」って勝手に分かってきます。頑張ってください。



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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"thatの用法"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"He said that that that that that boy wrote was wrong.\nという有名な文があります。この文に入っているthatで主なthatの用法はマスターできるかと思います。\n\nHe said ①that ［②that →③“that” ＜④that ⑤that boy wrote＞ was wrong.］\n\n①接続詞　例: I think that SVなど\n②指示形容詞　（あの～　と訳す）例: that women\n③名詞　ここではthatという文字そのものを意味している\n④関係代名詞　whichにも置き換えられる\n⑤３と同様、指示形容詞\n\nそのほかにも\n\n○代名詞\n特定の物を指し示す\nGive me that.（それをくれ）\nTake that off the table.（それをテーブルから取り除いて）\n\n○指示副詞\nthat + 形容詞 / 副詞 で「そんなに～、それほど～」\nI didn't realize the movie was that long.\n（私は映画がそんなに長いとは気づきませんでした。)\n\n○強調構文\n強調したいものをIt isとthatで挟む\nIt was Mike that saw Alex at the park yesterday.\n（昨日公園でアレックスに会ったのはマイクだった。）\n\nなどもあります\n\n参考になれば幸いです🙌"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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