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1a:Tc50,設問の文言に必ずある「最も適切なものを〜」に気づいていますか？

多分誰もが中学の時に（もしかしたら高校でも）、「現代文は消去法だ！」って言われているかもしれません。

しかし、その考えは根底から間違っています。
だって、間違っているものをすべて消去した結果残ったものが正解って。。。
本当にそんなことがあるのでしょうか？

そう言う安直な人間を落とせるように、大学側も問題をひねっています。
それは「正解選択肢を２つ作ること」です。。。

え？ってなったかもしれません。
正解が二つ？

いや、正解が二つあってもいいんですよ。
なぜなら「最も適切なもの」を選ばせるのだから。

適当なものの中から、最も適当なものを選ばせるのであれば、別に正解選択肢が２つあっても問題ないですよね？


では解説したいと思います。
基本的には４択であれば、そのうち１つは大ハズレ。
一つは事実錯誤、もしくは逆情報などで間違い選択肢だとします
残りの二つは、「問題を記述問題にした時に、正解の要素が全て揃っているもの」と「問題を記述問題にした時に、正解の要素がかけてはいるが、概ね正解とは言えるもの」です。


じゃあなぜこういう風な選択肢を作るのかと言うと、「記述問題に近い問題を作りたいから」です。

本当は私立大学だって、できることなら国公立と同様に記述問題を使用したい。、しかし資金獲得のため、受験者数も多くとりたい。ならば、仕方なしに解答方法を簡易化し、マークシート型にするしかない。

じゃあマークシートを記述に近づけるにはどうすればいいか？
そう。記述問題で怪異等を作るときのプロセスと同様の解答方法を、選択式問題でさせればいいことになります。

記述問題の解答の作成手順は、まず傍線部を解析した上で、それの換言、もしくは理由説明に必要な解答根拠をなるべく傍線部付近から探し出してきます。
採点官は、解答根拠がどれだけ記述内容に含まれているかを採点します。その上で文の接続、修飾、論理関係などを見ます。

つまり、記述において探し出してきた解答根拠が全部抜け目なく揃っている、もしくは選択肢の中で一番多いものが「最も適切なもの」なのです。

だから私立文系の国語の参考書でも記述問題を扱っているのです。
記述問題を応用したのが、選択問題なので。

皆さんには選択問題の見方を変えて欲しいです。
４択問題なら、あなた方は４人の記述回答の中で最も高い点数をつけるものはどれなのか？と言う観点で選んでみてください。

多分安定的に点数がとれるはずです。頑張ってください。1b:T1369,こんにちは！

私が思う共通テスト国語の第１問を解くときに大切なことを、２つのポイントに分けてお伝えしますね！


まずは一つ目
「選択肢に目を通すのは、解答の方向性が決まってから」

そもそも、共通テストはお偉いさん方が多くの時間と労力をかけて作り上げるテストです。問題作成者たちは当然のことながら真正面から受験生の読解力を試してきます。だからこそ、選択肢の一つひとつはよく練られていて、文章の理解が曖昧だと、どうしても選択肢に惑わされてしまいます。

そこで、選択肢に惑わされないために、私が実践していたのが、
「解答の方向性が決まってから選択肢に目を通す」という方法です。

先に選択肢を見てしまうと、４つものダミー選択肢に影響されてしまい、本文の理解が崩れてしまう可能性があります。（「５つの中から不適切なものを１つ選べ」、という問題ならこんな心配ないかもしれませんが...）

また、私の場合、二次試験にも国語・評論文が出題される大学を志望していたので、共通テスト対策でありながらも実際に記述で答案を作ってみるという学習方法を取り入れていました。そして、自分が記述した答案と選択肢を照らし合わせながら、マークすべき選択肢を選んでいました。こうすることで、厄介な選択肢に惑わされにくいだけでなく、自身の解答により一層自信が持てるようになると思います！（実際、私はこの手法で国語の得点が上がり、安定するようになりました！）

もし日頃の学習でマーク式の問題に取り組む機会があれば、ぜひ試してみてください！全問題に記述答案を作成するのは結構ハードなので、数問だけピックアップして取り組むといいかもしれません。また、試験本番や模試となると、実際に手を動かして記述答案を作るのは、時間的にやや非現実的かもしれないので、脳内で解答の骨子を作り上げるだけで十分に効果はあるはずです！

結論として、
「選択肢から正解を見つけようとしない」＝「解答は自分で作る」


そして二つ目
「なぜ間違えたのかの分析を怠らない」

これは入試本番ではなく、普段の学習におけるアドバイスです。他の教科においても言えることですが、どうしてもミスとは同じようなものを繰り返してしまいがちです。そのため、自分が陥りがちな過ちを予めわかっておけば、それらを意識しながら問題を解いたり、対策を練ったりすることで、誤答率は格段と下がることが期待できます！

ここでは、私が思いつく限りの分析ポイントの例を、その重要度が高い順に挙げておきますね。

1. 文章の全体要旨が掴めていたか
　これができていないと、ほとんどの問題が不正解なはずです。原因はそのテーマに対する知識不足であったり、苦手意識だったりが考えられます。この場合、例えば演習量を増やすなど抜本的な改善がおすすめです。
2. 言い換え表現が掴めていたか（抽象と具体の関係が掴めていたか）
　「どういうことか」を問う問題は、大抵がこの読解力を試しています。（この回答文でも言い換えや抽象化、具体化をしている部分があるので、ぜひちょっと読み返してみてほしい！）
3. 対比構造が掴めていたか
　二項対立の文章ってかなり多いです。現代社会の文脈では「グローバリズムvsナショナリズム」、芸術の文脈では「ロマン主義vs古典主義」、などなど。本文中の対立構造が掴めていれば長い文章も読みやすくなります。また、根底にはこれが掴めているかを問うている設問も割と多く出題されている印象です。
4. 原因と結果の関係が掴めていたか
　「なぜか」を問う問題は、この読解力を試しているのは言わずもがなですね。とはいえ、因果関係って、明確に示す表現が使われていないと気付きにくかったりします。

以上の点に注意して、自分の読解のクセを見つけて、意識して修正していくことで、正答率は上がっていくのではないでしょうか。


私からの回答はこれでおしまいです。最後まで読んでくださりありがとうございます。少しでも、くみさんをはじめ、ここまで読んでくださった方の学習のお役に立てたら嬉しいです！2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=WE2kqncBTqPwDZPuvaOX","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"英語 根拠づけて正解できない"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",6,") コメント(",0,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"2/16 20:40"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark 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mb-4","children":"すべての回答者は、学生証などを使用してUniLinkによって審査された東大・京大・慶應・早稲田・一橋・東工大・旧帝大のいずれかに所属する現役難関大生です。加えて、実際の回答をUniLinkが確認して一定の水準をクリアした合格者だけが登録できる仕組みとなっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap mb-4","children":[["$","div","advice-part-0",{"children":[null,"選んだ理由や根拠は、挙げられなくてもいいです。\n\n時には、消去法で問題を解くこともあります。むしろ、2択まで絞り込んだ時は、どっちが正しいのかではなく、どっちが間違っているかという視点で選択肢を絞っていく方が正答しやすかったりします。要するに、「なぜ、他の回答を選ばなかったのか」、「他の回答はどこが間違っているのか」という点を意識しましょう。"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L16",null,{"adviserImageUrl":null,"adviserName":"バナナ","adviserDepartment":"名古屋大学教育学部","adviceId":"WE2kqncBTqPwDZPuvaOX","numberOfFan":173,"clipsAvg":8.836,"adviceRateAvg":4.57,"profile":"　主に国語と英語、文系数学について答えています。マークレ\nベルなら日本史と倫理政治経済、化学基礎、生物基礎もいけます。\n　回答する際は質問者様を完全に否定しないことを意識しています。時々辛辣なことも述べますが、なるべく、良い点を見つけて、その点も踏まえてエール、アドバイスを送ります。\n　個人的にクリップ数はもちろんですが、いいねの数も参考にしています。例えば、クリップ数が1つでも、★が5ならば、たくさんの人には届いていないけど、届くべき人に届けることができたということになります。逆にクリップ数が多くても、★が2とか、1なら、もっとわかりやすく表現できたのではないかとか、色々考えさせられます。"}]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://ck.jp.ap.valuecommerce.com/servlet/referral?sid=3364577&pid=884970531&vc_url=http%3A%2F%2Fshingakunet.com%2F%3Fvos%3Dnrmnvccp0000100","rel":"nofollow","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/document_request_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink 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text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"2択まで絞れていて最後間違うというパターンに多いのは、言ってることは正しい2択を選んでるけど、片方には解答に必要な要素が足りない、でもどっちも間違いの記述はないから、それっぽいな、と思って間違っちゃう、というパターンです。\nそういうときは、自分の中で記述問題だったらどんな解答を書くべきかな、ということを考えて、ある程度自分でこんなことが書いてあるやつを選ぼうと決めてから選択肢を見るようにするのがいいと思います。\n質問者さんがおっしゃる通り、単純に言葉の意味がわからないのであれば現代文の単語帳を一冊やってみるのもいいと思いますが、今の時期はそういう次元じゃないし、そもそもそのレベルの人は2択に絞るのも難しいはずなので違うような気がします。\n現代文に正解があるのは、誰がどう見てもそうだ、と確信できる根拠が文中にあるからです。解答を出す時、文中にこう書いてあるからこの答えになるんだ、こっちにこういう描写があるから、この選択肢では不十分なんだ、ズレるんだ、という根拠を自分の中で持つようにして解いていきましょう。それで、解説と合わないところがあればそれは感覚のズレなので矯正していく。そのプロセスを積み重ねることで、今からでも成績は変わると思います。\nファイトです！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"選択肢 2個まで絞って間違える"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"現代文の選択肢の選び方\n\n①文章を一通り読んで、話の流れを頭に入れる\n\n②問題文を読み、加線部とそれに関係するところをもう一度読む。\n\n③その問題に対する解答を自分で頭の中でつくる\n(大体で良い。どういう要素が必要かを考えておく)\n\n④選択肢から明らかに違うものは消す。(①の話の流れに沿わないものや③で考えた必要な要素がないものなど)\n良いと思うものには○を、間違いではないと思うが微妙と思うものには△をつける。\nこの時、どういうところが○でどういうところが△なのか明記しておくこと。\n\n⑤○と△をつけたものに関して、④でチェックをつけたところを本文と照らし合わせてもう一度精査。\n大事なのは「本文中から」解答の根拠を見つけること。\nより根拠が明確、あるいは本文中と論理的に明確なつながりがあるものを選ぶ。\n\n\n※これをやっても答えが定まらない時は、④で消したものももう一度見直してみること。\n\n以上です。\n質問者さんはおそらくほぼ出来ていると思うので、特に④、⑤を気をつけるといいと思います。\n全体的に合ってるものというのは、とても曖昧なものなので、きっちり根拠を見つけましょう。\n\n参考になれば幸いです。\n頑張ってください。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"すべて選びなさい問題"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは！\n現在東京大学理科二類に通っています。ホルムンクスと申します。私も東大を生物で受験しましたので、質問者様と同じ悩みを経験したことがあります。ここではどのようにしてそれを乗り越えたかをお伝えさせて頂きたいと思います。よろしくお願いいたします。\n\nまず、そもそも複数選択するタイプの問題の一般的な対処法についてです。ここでの鉄則が、｢合っているか微妙な選択肢は選ばない｣というものです。恐らく本番の試験や模試では、答えには含まれない余分な選択肢を選択してしまうとそれだけで減点されてしまいます。（そうでなければ全ての選択肢を選べば満点をとれてしまう）そうするとせっかく正しく選べた選択肢の点数が無駄になってしまいます。なので、この手の問題では確実な選択肢だけを選び、失点を最小限に抑えましょう。\n\n次に、主に生物についてこのタイプの問題の対策についてお伝えします。東大の本試験や冠模試では、選択系の知識問題は大問題の1番初めの問題で聞かれることが多い得点源であり、その上この問題の出来によってその後の問題を解く際のメンタルにも影響するため、必ず正解したい問題です。しかしここではかなり細かい知識を要します。その対策としましては、やはり地道に知識の穴を無くしていくことです。例えば模試の過去問で類題を解いてみて、間違っている選択肢を正しく訂正できるようになることを目指しましょう。また、その範囲の資料集や教科書を読み込んで知らなかった知識をノートにまとめ、後から定期的に復習するなどすることで、知識を少しづつ固めて行くことをオススメします。\nつまり、「問題で出てくる度に復習」することを意識することで、たくさんの問題演習を積めばこの種の問題できちんと正解へたどり着けるようになると思います。\n\nちなみに、小手先のアドバイスとして、｢全く～ない｣や、「全て～する」などと言い切っている選択肢は間違っていることが多いです。（あくまで傾向ですが）\n\n以上が複数選択問題への向き合い方と対策になります。繰り返しになりますが、やはり知識は地道な繰り返しによって身につくものだと思います。大変な道のりになるかもしれませんが、影ながら応援しています。頑張ってください💪"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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