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1a:Tbce,私は現代文なら接続詞、英語ならディスコースマーカーには必ず印をつけるようにしています。

例えば現代文だったら「たしかに〜。しかし〜。」という譲歩の構造を見つけたら、「しかし」の後に書いてあることが重要度が高いことなので、「たしかに」に丸○、「しかし」に逆三角形▽をつけてわかりやすくしています。
英語もこれと同じで、of courceで譲歩した後に、howeverで筆者の意見を述べるという構造があります。それを見つけたら、上の現代文の例と同じようにマークをつけてわかりやすくすると、その文章全体の要旨が掴みやすくなると思います。

また、()については、無闇につける必要はないと思います。私は()をつけるのは2種類あって、
①一文が長い時、文構造をはっきりさせるために使う
②本文に関係ない挿入や例を()でくくる
という使い方をしていました。

詳しくお話しすると、例えば
How people will react when robots reject commands is another open-ended subject for research. In the years to come, will humans take robots that question their practical or moral judgments seriously?
という文章があった時、ぱっと見では文構造が取りにくいかもしれません。そこで()を活用してみると
How people will react (when robots reject commands) is another open-ended subject for research. (In the years to come,) will humans take robots 〈that question their practical or moral judgments seriously〉?
これだけで随分読みやすくなったと思いませんか？私は副詞節は()、関係代名詞節は〈〉というように少し形を変えて使うようにしていました。
ここの回答では上手く表現しにくいのですが、上の文章にさらに下線を引いてSVOCを振ってみると、完全に文構造が取れると思います。

このような英文解釈は全文やる必要はなく（そんなことをしていたら時間が足りません）、ぱっと見だとちょっと読みにくいな〜という文に出会った時だけやるといいと思います。

共通テストの問題でしたら、あまり複雑な文構造のものはないと思うので、英文解釈はそんなに気にしなくて大丈夫です。でも、共通テストは文章量が多いので、設問に対応する答えを文章中から素早く見つけることが大事になってきます。そこで役に立つのが下線です。
長い文章があると、どこに何の情報があるのか分かりづらくなりがちです。答えを素早く見つけるためには、設問で何を聞かれているのかを掴んで、それについて触れられている箇所に下線を引くといいと思います。大抵は2文程度に絞れると思うので、そこから答えを探せば一瞬です✨1c:Tb86,採点基準が分からないので、明確な回答にならないかも知れませんが、私が本番どのように書いたか説明させてください。

私は試験開始と同時に最後のページを開いて和文英訳を終わらせた後に、自由英作のお題の2沢を確認してどっちの方を書こうか軽く決めました。でも書きやすさ等の優劣がそれぞれに無ければ絶対後者にしてましたね。理由は前者だと長文2部から構成を立てなきゃいけなくて非常にめんどくさかったから。
逆に後者は一長文にまとまってくれてるので、引用したり見返したりする時にスムーズにいきやすいです。しかも解く順番的に大問3解いてそのまま英作なのでかなり良さげでした。
もちろん一番は自分が構成を立てやすい方にすることですから、前者を選ぶことも想定しながらでしたけど。

また大問3を解く時、パラグラフごとに肯定側なら〇、否定側なら×と印を付けて、引用やパクりに使えそうな部分に下線を引いてました。後、この時点で｢譲歩→反論｣を仮で作りましょう。この展開を決めてしまえば大分楽になります。

英作の書き方について貴方の言う通り、型は決めるべきです。1️⃣に関しては非常にいいと思います。目をつぶっても書けるくらいテンプレ化したいですね。
構成についてあくまで自分が本番で立てたものですが、

①自分の意見を明言(agree or disagree)
②①の根拠となる理由（最低１個出来れば2個、そしてここで引用）
③譲歩→反論
④まとめ

でした。
②は③と被らない内容を書くのが大切ですね。引用をする際のテンプレも決めておくべきですね。例えば、According to the article written by Keio Taro in 19@@,（本文丸パク）.
自分は引用作業と譲歩→反論作成作業を同時並行させると意外とパンクすることが多かったので、こうするようにしました。後、引用とは関係ない根拠についても本文の内容を盗みました。ただもちろん文を丸写しせず、下線した所を上手いようにいじって書いてました（主語入れ替えたり、単語変えたり、簡略化したり）。
後、First of allとsecondでもいいですが、自分はIn the first placeとIn the second placeを使ってました。

④はFor these reasons, I steongly believe~って型でやってましたね。ここはただの作業な感じでした。


というのが大体な印象でしたね。意見自体は自分もガンガンパクってたので、パクって減点はないかと思います。繰り返しになりますが、これは一例に過ぎないので参考程度に見てもらえれば！2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=VFOpZYQBTqPwDZPuSQpB","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"助けてください、こういった問題が苦手すぎて手が進みません"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",7,") コメント(",0,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"11/11 16:48"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"UniLink利用者の80%以上は、難関大学を志望する受験生です。これまでのデータから、偏差値の高いユーザーほど毎日UniLinkアプリを起動することが分かっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L13",null,{"clientImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_YpU14ru4bzXK9qZtE8zy8B06Mzn1.jpg?alt=media&token=90d8f485-e739-43b6-aa73-3178c207a339","clientUserName":"助けてください","infoString":"高3 大阪府 大阪市立大学経済学部(58)志望","adviceId":"VFOpZYQBTqPwDZPuSQpB"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap","children":[["$","div","consultation-part-0",{"children":[null,"2. 次の各文の( )内の動詞を必要があれば適切な形に変えなさい。\n1 Can you make yourself (understand) in English?\n2 It is no use (try) to persuade him.\n3 His father (kill) in the Second World War.\n4 I want you to meet him in order (hear) his opinion.\n5 She is always afraid of (make) mistakes.\n6 This city is hard (live) in.\n3. 次の文の誤りを訂正し、正しい文に直しなさい。(誤りがない場合もあります)\n1. It is difficult to decide that he is a writer or a doctor.\n2.I had my hair cutting yesterday.\n3. Spring has come early this year comparing last year.\n4. He stopped to smoke for the improvement of his health.\n5. She should have taken a plane scheduled to leave at ten.\n6. He was busy to prepare for his lesson.\n7. No one has ever succeeded to explain this phenomenon.\n8. He hurried to the house, only to find that it was empty.\n9. The parents were surprised with the news of their children’s success.\n\n特に3番の問題がさっぱりです"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L14",null,{}]}]]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L15",null,{"adviserImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_9126418D134148F080DC974DF93B4E1D.jpg?alt=media&token=c651a14b-f5f2-426b-937e-9e177b172a4a","adviserName":"falcon","adviserDepartment":"慶應義塾大学法学部","adviceId":"VFOpZYQBTqPwDZPuSQpB"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"すべての回答者は、学生証などを使用してUniLinkによって審査された東大・京大・慶應・早稲田・一橋・東工大・旧帝大のいずれかに所属する現役難関大生です。加えて、実際の回答をUniLinkが確認して一定の水準をクリアした合格者だけが登録できる仕組みとなっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose 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Vの違いは勉強した記憶ありませんか？\n\nこの単元に関しては、「どの表現でどれを使う」ということを暗記するしかない部分が多いので、文法のテキストや単元別の問題集に戻って、慣用表現を覚えましょう。\n知識が定着していれば、文章を読んだときに違和感を持てると思います。\n\n何か質問があればコメントやメッセージお待ちしてます。"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://ck.jp.ap.valuecommerce.com/servlet/referral?sid=3364577&pid=884970531&vc_url=http%3A%2F%2Fshingakunet.com%2F%3Fvos%3Dnrmnvccp0000100","rel":"nofollow","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/document_request_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink パンフレットバナー画像","className":"mt-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L16",null,{"id":"adsbygoogle-init-under-advice"}]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between","children":[["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl 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smoke→smoking\n5は誤りなし\nto prepare→preparing\nto explain→in explaining\n8は誤りなし\nwith→at\n\n動名詞、不定詞、分詞などの識別が中心ですね。\n少し気づきにくい問題もありますが、概ね頻出の表現がそのまま聞かれています。\n例えば3の4問目、stop ingとstop to Vの違いは勉強した記憶ありませんか？\n\nこの単元に関しては、「どの表現でどれを使う」ということを暗記するしかない部分が多いので、文法のテキストや単元別の問題集に戻って、慣用表現を覚えましょう。\n知識が定着していれば、文章を読んだときに違和感を持てると思います。\n\n何か質問があればコメントやメッセージお待ちしてます。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 4-4-1.79-4-4-4zm0 10c-2.67 0-8 1.34-8 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"後ろにingやtoをとる動詞って覚える必要がありますか？"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"初めまして。大学生の身分で恐縮ながら回答させていただきます。\n\nここでのコメントはあくまで筆記試験における点数をとることをベースにした意見となりますので、参考程度にお考えください。\n\n結論から申し上げますと、逆に後者のもの(toとingどちらを用いて動名詞を構成するか)を重点的に学習した方が良いと私は考えました。\n\n恐らくですが、貴方が使われている教材ではかなり細やかに用法を分けて説明がなされているのだと思います。英語話者からするとそうした詳細のニュアンスについては違和感を感じるか否かで使い分けることが多いと考えられますが、実際の試験(受験生の多くが非英語話者)で長文を読み、理解する上ではどちらかと言うと、ingを用いるものかかto不定詞をとるものかを覚えている事の方が重要度が高いと考えられます。\n\n理由としては、toという単語ひとつにも様々な使い方があり、その場での用法を素早く判別することがより必要とされるためです。逆に、貴方がご説明をなされている〜志向や反復などの項目は、どちらかと言うと文法学者が解析し、非ネイティブの人の発話練習のために用いられるような説明に近いです。\n\n高校3年生ということで、試験まで残り時間も短くなりました。どうぞお身体に気を使いつつ、目標に向けてご尽力ください。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英文解釈の和訳が理解出来ない"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"いくらお手本とは言え、言葉のかかり方や最後の「人間」という訳が不自然でひっかかりますね😅\n\n和訳:学生は、自分が下した結論が、知的で誠実な他のどの学者が同じ事実に直面した場合でも、正しいと認めるものに確実になるように、客観的で公正でなければならない。\n\nこれならば理解できるでしょうか？？\n\nany+名詞は肯定文では どの〇〇も と訳すことが出来ると考えていいと思います。つまり、any other intelligent and honest scholarというのは、知的で誠実な他のどの学者も＝知的で誠実な他の学者全員、というわけです。言葉のかかり方が厄介ですよね、、\n\n訳が難しいのは当然で、決して質問者さんのが頭が悪いわけではないとおもいます(^^)\n固い直訳で意味が通じにくいときは、頭を柔らかくしてその文のニュアンスを別の言葉で自由に表現するといいと思いますよ😄"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"文化構想、文学部の文補充問題について"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"・文挿入について\n→結論、慣れるのが1番大事だと思います。その際に意識することは、現代文だと思うことです。\n\nあの問題は全ての回答にしっかり根拠があります。前後の指示語や接続詞、副詞など解答の根拠をしっかり見つけることを意識しましょう。\n\nex.(               ).eventually he decided to〜という文挿入の問題があって、そこの回答にはthink about it in the following days and weeksが含まれる文が入ります。これは、in the following days and weeksの間、ずっと考えていて、ついに〇〇することにしたという文脈が完成できるからです。このパターンでは、in the following daysがeventuallyに対応するということに気づけるかどうかが大事です。\n\nこれって、解き方が現代文っぽいですよね？なので、私は現代文だと思えと良く言います。\n\n・会話文について\n→こちらも過去問で慣れるのが1番だと思います。確かに、ネイティブが使うようなあまり我々に馴染みがない表現が出題される時もありますが、そこではなく、文法や文脈などの根拠で解ける問題をちゃんと拾いましょう。\n\nそれでもどうしようもない時は以下の2つを試してください。\n\n①各学部の会話文の問題だけを抽出して解く\n→タイトル通りです。割と殆どの学部にあります。\n\n②単語帳「distinction」を使う\n→元々、留学をせずにネイティブが使う表現を習得しようというコンセプトでAtsueigoの方が作った単語帳です。\n\n私はこれを留学中にある程度覚えたのですが、確かに会話で使うかつ、日本人が知らないような表現が網羅されています。実際、慶應法の会話文問題にもdistinctionに記載されてる表現が出題されたそうです。\n\nこれら(特に②)が会話文がどうしてもダメな時の最終手段です！\n\n他にも何かあれば追加でください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 4-4-1.79-4-4-4zm0 10c-2.67 0-8 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