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1c:T1df8,古文漢文、難しいですよね。私も人様にアドバイスできるほど古文漢文ができたわけではありませんが、参考までにどうぞ。

⒈主語と述語の対応
　古文も漢文も、文章であるからには、主語と述語があるはずです。その対応を正確に把握できないと、文章の意味もごっちゃごちゃになってしまいます。とりわけ、古文は主語が省略されることが多く、文上の他の要素からこれを特定しなければならないため、注意を払わねばなりません。とくに難しいのは、敬語によって主語を特定する場合です。敬語はよく勉強しておいた方がいいと思います。私は、古文も漢文も、登場人物には順にS1, S2, S3……と番号を振っていき、述語にはそれらに対応した番号を振って、それが誰のことについてのものなのかを問題文中にメモしながら読んでいました。

⒉品詞分解と文法的説明
　これは、古文の現代語訳問題で行っていたことです。というのも、私の学校の古文の授業では、予習の段階で、授業で扱う教科書の文章の全文について、品詞分解と文法的説明をした上でさらに現代語訳をさせられたため、正確な現代語訳のために品詞分解をする癖がついていたからです。ちなみに、文法的説明というのは、①動詞・形容詞・形容動詞であれば活用（例えば、サ変動詞「す」連用形。音便があれば音便の種類も）、②助動詞であれば意味と活用（例えば、完了の助動詞「たり」終止形）、③助詞であれば意味（例えば、順接確定条件の助詞「ば」）などです。助動詞や助詞の意味は、本文中での意味であって、複数の意味を取りうる助動詞や助詞の場合は、本文中の意味として最も適当なものを自分で選択しなければなりません。その際、①で見た、助動詞や助詞にくっついている動詞等の活用によって判断することもしばしばあります。例えば、助詞の「ば」は、未然形の動詞につく場合は順接仮定条件に、已然形の動詞につく場合は順接確定条件になりますし、受け身等の助動詞「る」と完了・存続の助動詞「り」の判別（とくに「れ」や「る」の場合）は、それが四段活用動詞につく場合は、その動詞が未然形か已然形かによってします（「りっちゃんさみしい（サ未四已）」でおなじみのやつですね）。このように、古文を分析的に読む訓練は、しておいた方がいいと思います。

⒊句形だけは漏らさない
　漢文ですね。漢文の句形は、お決まりの構文みたいなもので、とても重要なので漏れがないようにしましょう。漢文で訳を求められたり意味を問われたりするのは、ほぼ100%句形がある文についてですので。私の学校では、漢文の句形全部について何度も小テストがあり、その度に、90%以上をとれるまで再テストでしたね。それくらい句形は重要です。

⒋古文の語義類推について
　これは、私の個人的な経験です。北大の二次試験（受験本番）の古文で「正義」という言葉があったのですが、これを「個人が正しいと思う信念」みたいに一般的な意味だとすると、文章の意味の繋がりというか辻褄がどうも合わないということがありました。それで、じゃあこの「正義」はどういう意味だろうかと考えていると、一つの天恵が下ったんです。「そういえば、『意義』って言葉あるよな。この『正義』の『義』は、もしかしたら『意義』の『義』か？　だとしたらこの『正義』の意味は、『（言葉の）正しい意味』か？」と。実際、そう訳してみると、意味のつながりに違和感がなくなって手応えを感じました。合っていたのかは知りませんが（解答速報など一切見なかったので）、国語の点数は8割弱だったので、多分会っていたんじゃないかと思っています（違ってたらクソ恥ずかしいですが）。
　このように、知らない単語の意味を類推することができたのはなぜなのかということを振り返って考えてみると、それは私が使っていた単語帳のおかげなのではないかと思いました。『春つぐる頻出古文単語480』（河合出版）というやつなのですが、これの何が良いかと申しますと、それぞれの単語について、成り立ちなどが書いてあるんです（もっとも、すべての掲載単語について成り立ちが載っているわけではありませんが、何かしらの解説は書かれています）。今でも強く覚えているのが「はかばかし」についてです。漢字で書くと「捗捗し」、「捗」は「進捗」の「捗」ですね。すなわち、「捗」が二重で「はかばかし」ですから、進捗を重ねることから転じて「てきぱきしている」とか「しっかりしている」という意味になるわけです。これに関連して、「はかなし」も漢字で書くと「捗なし」、すなわち進捗がないことから転じて「頼りない」とか「むなしい」とかいう意味になります。「はかばかし」と「はかなし」は対義語になってるんですね。こういう感じで、「なぜそのような意味になるのか」ということから単語を勉強していたのが役に立ったのではないかと思っています。因みに、学校指定の単語帳は『読んで見て聞いて覚える　重要古文単語315』（桐原書店）でしたが、それでやっていても、問題文上では知らない単語が多く、どうも古文がよく読めるにならなかったので、もう少し掲載単語数の多い単語帳はないかと書店で物色していたところ、上の単語帳を見つけ、立ち読みしてみて一目惚れし、これを使うようになったという経緯があります。現在お使いの単語帳にご不満などありましたら、一度書店で見てみてはいかがでしょうか。

⒌漢文の漢字
　漢文でも意味の知らない漢字が出てくることはしばしばでしたので、『漢文句形とキーワード』（Z会）を使いました。句形は漢文必携で事足りたので、これは重要な漢字を学ぶために買いました（もっとも、漢文必携にも漢字はある程度載っていたと思います）。この参考書には、たしか漢文の背景知識（よくある文章のパターンとか政治のあり方とか色々）についてコンパクトに解説してある章があったので、そのような背景知識を知りたいという場合にもお勧めできると思います。これも、書店で見て個人的に良いと思ったので選びました。上の単語帳についても言えますが、私の参考書の選び方は、ネットなどでの評価は一切見ずに、書店で見て自分が良いと思ったものを選ぶというやり方だったので、ここで紹介した参考書の評判は知りません。

　以上、参考になれば幸いです。1d:Tc49,✅古文常識はとても大事。

古文は主語判定が最大のキーになります。その主語判定は文法や単語など様々な要素から特定することができますが、難関校になればなるほど古文常識を絡めた問題が出題されてきます。差がつきますからね。古文常識を頭の中に入れる際には絵で入れましょう。想像しやすいように。試験本番はいかに頭の中で具現化できるかにかかっています。ぜひ。

✅古文が心配なら基礎から。まだ間に合う！！


古文に関してはとりあえず単語と文法。単語に関しては単語帳一冊を完璧にすれば大丈夫だと思います。ただ古文単語に関してはすぐに忘れてしまうので夏休み中に完璧にして2学期以降にもしっかりと触れていきたいですね。覚え方としては、とにかく見る回数を増やす！単純ですが本当に大事です。1回1回覚えるつもりがなくても見る回数を増やしていけば自然と覚えていきます。古文単語は英単語と比較してとっても覚えにくいです。それかもしくは音声学習も有効的です。CD付きの単語帳、もしくは自分のスマートフォンにその単語の意味を吹き込んでCD代わりにするなどの方法もあります。様々な方法を使って意地でも覚えましょう。1年だけですからね。効率よく覚えたいです。
文法に関しては一冊文法の参考書をやるので充分。自分は参考までに河合塾出版のステップアップノートを使っていました。（灰色）私大、センター含めて難しい文法問題はそこまで出ない印象です。だからこそできないと差がついてしまいます。最低限はやっておくようにしましょう。文法は差がつきません。だからこそここで落としてしまいますと大きな痛手になってしまいます。最低限です。やっておきましょう。
最後に長文。長文読解には単語と文法以外にも背景知識が必要です。有名な作品（源氏物語や落窪物語）に関しては漫画を買って背景知識を入れていました。その他にも宮中の作りや武士のしきたりなど意外と重要ではないかと思われる背景知識が直接問われはしないものの読解においてキーワードになる場合があります。しっかりと背景知識は入れておきましょう。背景知識をしっかりと入れておくと文中の主語が誰なのかが一層分かるようになります。古文は文中の主語が誰なのかがとても重要ですので自分で長文読解の演出に取り組む際にも意識してほしいです。

✅おすすめの参考書。

古文単語帳 ex古文単語315 古文単語フォーミュラ600

ステップアップノート（灰色）

旺文社全レベル問題集②〜④

源氏でわかる古文常識（漫画）

速読古文常識

早稲田の国語


                          1e:T11db,本当は一橋大学の学生の方がお答えになるのが望ましいのでしょうが、少し思ったところがあったので、僭越ながら書かせていただきます。
❶「時代と空間の理解」について
「時代と空間の理解」というのは、仰る通り、年号や地図で横のつながりを意識しながら一つ一つの歴史上の出来事について理解を深めていくことだと思います。ただ、それは単に年号や地図上の場所を覚えればそれで良いというわけでもないと思います。例えば、一つの争いごとについて見てるにしても、①そこには必ずそれを起こした人（あるいは人たち）がいます。そして、彼らがそれを引き起こさなければならなかった原因も必ずあるはずです。ここでまず、なぜその人たちがその争いごとを引き起こしたのかについて考えるとき、その争いごとが起きた時代にはどんな政治体制（支配者と被支配者の力関係など）が実施されていたのかとか、あるいはその時代の人々の生活はどのようなものだったのか（豊かだったのか貧しかったのかなど）とかのような時代的特徴が一つの大きなカギになります。また、その地域に特有の地理的事情があって、それが原因となる可能性も考えられます。②それから、原因がわかれば、自然その出来事の性質もわかるようになります。例えば過去に、絶対王政的な支配関係が確立されていた国で、人々が理不尽な抑圧に耐えかねて権力者に対して武力闘争を仕掛けたとしましょう。このとき、この出来事の性質は、簡単に言えばクーデターであることは自然にわかるでしょう。③そして、その出来事を受けてその後の時代状況がどのように変化したのか、ということも重要です。なぜなら、一定の長期的な流れを持つ国ほど、そこで起きた出来事がその後に起きる出来事にいくらか影響を与えるからです。例えば、ある国家のある時代の皇帝はこういう政治体制を実施し、こういった政策や行動をしたというとき、なぜそのような政治状況になったのかといえば、その前の皇帝の時代に、そのような政治状況に変える必要性を感じさせるほどの出来事があったからだという場合は十分に考えられます。以上のように、①その出来事を引き起こした主体、②その出来事の性質に注目することで「なぜその時代にその地域でその出来事が起こらなければならなかったのか」を明らかにするとともに、③その出来事が当時の人々にどのように受け止められ、その後の時代状況にどのような影響を与えたのか、ということにも注目することによって、歴史上の知識にどんどん関係性を持たせ、ストーリーや流れを掴んでいく。これが、「時代と空間を理解する」ということなのではないでしょうか。そして、教科書や参考書を読むときなんかは、こういったてんに着目して読んでいけば、歴史に対する理解も深まっていくのではないでしょうか。
❷論述の勉強法
京大志望の時代に、論述の勉強をしていました。その方法とは、任意の学校の添削課題で世界史論述のやつがあったので、それを取りました。具体的には、Z会の『世界史論術のトレーニング』のうち指定された問題を解き、自己添削したのち、それを先生に提出すると、後で先生がさらにそれを確認・補足的に添削したものが返ってくるという感じでした。京大は300字ですが、一橋はさらにきつく400字ということで、はじめのうちは手も足も出なくても仕方がないと思います。最初のうちは、教科書を使って解答を書いてみることから始めてもいいと思います。教科書の知識どうしを自分なりに関係づけて解答を書いていくだけでも結構頭を使うので。それでだんだんと慣れてくれば、何も見ずに解いてみるというのを増やしていけば良いと思います。とにかく、まずは400字という圧巻の制限字数に慣れましょう。2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=TDZuqt7lWwH1D0L9fMXb","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"中世文学を学ぶ意義とは"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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mb-2","children":"回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L15",null,{"adviserImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_Tm9Rf13TlZS7Cq4PZPf7oUSMN5m1.jpg?alt=media&token=7e98e105-7a7a-4d43-a530-591f18788fc5","adviserName":"小林拓海","adviserDepartment":"早稲田大学教育学部","adviceId":"TDZuqt7lWwH1D0L9fMXb"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"すべての回答者は、学生証などを使用してUniLinkによって審査された東大・京大・慶應・早稲田・一橋・東工大・旧帝大のいずれかに所属する現役難関大生です。加えて、実際の回答をUniLinkが確認して一定の水準をクリアした合格者だけが登録できる仕組みとなっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap mb-4","children":[["$","div","advice-part-0",{"children":[null,"中世文学は古い作品であり、言葉遣いも難解で、現代の私たちの生活からはかけ離れているように思われがちです。しかし、そこには今日の私たちが学ぶべき重要な教訓が込められています。\n\n第一に、中世文学には人間の根源的な思いや行動原理が描かれています。恋愛、憎しみ、裏切り、勇気など、人間が抱く基本的な感情は時代を超えて普遍的なものです。『西征物語』の源頼朝の姿からは、権力への執着と家族愛の間での葛藤が生々しく描き出されています。現代社会でも、物質的な成功と家族の幸せをどう両立させるかは大きな課題です。中世文学に描かれた人間模様に学ぶことで、私たち自身の心の内側を見つめ直すきっかけとなります。\n\n第二に、中世文学の中には、今日なお意義のあるものの見方や価値観が示唆されています。『徒然草』には、自然を敬う心や、無常観に基づく人生観が描かれています。単なる享楽主義ではなく、人生の有限性を自覚しつつ、時に喜びを見出すことの大切さが説かれています。現代社会は、経済的豊かさの追求に振り回されがちですが、本当に大切なものは何かを問い直す契機となるでしょう。\n\n以上のように、中世という遠い時代の文学作品に学ぶべきことは多くあります。時代を超えた普遍的な真理や知恵を見出し、それを自らの人生に活かすことこそ、中世文学を学ぶ意義なのです。​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L16",null,{"adviserImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_Tm9Rf13TlZS7Cq4PZPf7oUSMN5m1.jpg?alt=media&token=7e98e105-7a7a-4d43-a530-591f18788fc5","adviserName":"小林拓海","adviserDepartment":"早稲田大学教育学部","adviceId":"TDZuqt7lWwH1D0L9fMXb","numberOfFan":57,"clipsAvg":2.9655172413793105,"adviceRateAvg":4.890909090909091,"profile":"参考書による独学で早稲田大に合格した経験をもとにして、皆さんに有益な情報を発信していけるよう努めます。"}]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://ck.jp.ap.valuecommerce.com/servlet/referral?sid=3364577&pid=884970531&vc_url=http%3A%2F%2Fshingakunet.com%2F%3Fvos%3Dnrmnvccp0000100","rel":"nofollow","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/document_request_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink 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20:24"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap","children":"思ったよりも現代に通ずるものがあるのですね。\n思いつきませんでした。\nこんなに沢山、ご丁寧にありがとうございます！\n頑張ってみます！！"}]]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mr-2","children":["$","$L19",null,{"avatarUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_Tm9Rf13TlZS7Cq4PZPf7oUSMN5m1.jpg?alt=media&token=7e98e105-7a7a-4d43-a530-591f18788fc5","contributorName":"小林拓海","adviceId":"TDZuqt7lWwH1D0L9fMXb"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-2","children":["$","$L1a",null,{"contributorName":"小林拓海","adviceId":"TDZuqt7lWwH1D0L9fMXb"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption","children":"6/16 20:26"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"古文の主体客体が分からない泣"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":" うぉるらすと申します。\n まず、敬語は習得していますか？ 文法をよく勉強されているとのことだったので敬語は大丈夫だと思いますが、話者・登場人物相互の敬語で表示される関係によって、主語が把握できることは一応確認しておきます。\n\n 加えて、古典常識については勉強しましたか。古文で出題される作品は大体が1000年近く前のものであり、同じ日本人とはいえ、当時の人々の価値観・習慣・暮らしなどは私たちとは大きく異なっています。同じような出来事に対しても、彼らがとる反応は私たちと異なる場合が多くあります。そうした違いを古典常識を通じて学ぶことで、身分や家柄と関連させながら、登場人物がどのような行動をとるかが明確になります。\n\nまとめると、敬語と古典常識の2点を確認してください。参考になれば幸いです。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"古文の読み方"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"古文って何言ってんのか分からなくなりますよね。文章によって読みやすいものの、めちゃくちゃ読みにくいものがあります。\nまず基本的なことなんですが、文章を読む前に、問題文のリード文や注釈を先読みして、どういうストーリーなのか掴んでください。人物関係図がある時はそれも把握しとくと良いです。どう言う話か分かった上で読むだけで、随分読みやすくなります。\n読み方に関してですが、主語をまず把握してすること何重要だと思います。主語を意識せず読み進めると、誰が何やってるのかわからなくなって意味不明になるので、主語は四角です囲むとかして目立たせるのがおすすめです。その際に主語の人物が違ったら、マーキングも違った方法でしてください。あと時間の関係を意識することも大切です。古文に関わらず、現代文でも英語でも時系列が文章の中で逆転することはよくあります。古文の場合物語がほとんどなので、よく時間の流れが逆転します。問題はそう言うところをよく着いてくるので、例えば文末の「けり」や「き」を見つけたら、丸で括っとくとかした方が良いです。\n古文を読むにあたって大前提ですが、文法と単語があまり頭の中に入っていなかったら読めません。助動詞や助詞は絶対にマスターしてください。単語は標準的な単語集に載ってるようものを完璧にすることも必要です。あと余力があれば、古文常識をある程度身につけとくのもいいと思います。これは予備校に通っていれば教えてくれるし、通っていなくても古文常識が詳しく書かれている参考書があるので、パラパラめくって情報を仕入れとくのが良いと思います。\n古文は単語と文法をやるだけで短期的に伸びる科目だと思うので、頑張って下さい！応援してます！\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"古文の省略"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"多読です。\n高1,2ならば角川古典ビギナーズが出している源氏物語や伊勢物語や堤中納言物語などを読みましょう。\n原文と現代語訳が載っているので、原文を読んで現代語訳で確認、という読み方で暇な時(通学中など)に読み進めるとかなりできるようになります。\n\n高3でも以上のやり方で問題はありませんが、他の科目で時間が取れない場合は実際に演習問題が付いている入試問題や問題集を使って、多読しましょう。\n\n以下は、よくある省略です。\n\n①主語の省略\n敬語の有無や、文脈で判断する。(文脈は多読によりできるようになります)\n②慣用表現で省略\n「あるようこそは…何か理由があるのだろう(あるようことはあらめの省略)」など、省略が起こりやすい言い回しを覚える。\n→文章に出てきたものは覚えるようにしましょう。単語帳をら覚えることは大前提。\n③係り結びの省略\n「にや」「にこそ」は特に下が省略されやすいです。係り結びの省略は基本なので今すぐマスターして、見落とさないようにしましょう。\n\n\n省略って難しいですよね！> <\n頑張ってください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"基本事項は抑えてるのに主語が追えない"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは！古文で主語はほんとに大事です！源氏物語とかはほんと難しいですよね…。\n\nまず、本文の前にあらすじがのってたら誰が出てくるか押さえながらしっかり読みましょう。\n\n尊敬語と謙譲語は結構使えますよ。単純に言えば尊敬語が使われている人が身分の高い人なのですが、誰から見て目上の人なのか(筆者からなのか他の登場人物からなのかなど)を意識しましょう。謙譲語が使われてる際も、謙譲語を使っている人は誰に敬意を払っているのか意識すると良いです。\n\n助詞の を、に、が、ど、ば が出て来たら注意してください。主語が変わるかもしれないです。\n\nわかりにくい文章だったら、だれの行為か文章に書くのも良いです。\n\nあとは演習を重ねましょう。慣れが大事だったりします。\n\n頑張ってください！！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 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