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1c:T1f50,はじめまして。
現代文には評論と小説があります。それぞれのコツと対策について述べてみました。


まずは評論について。
評論ができるようになるには2段階あると思ってます。以下で説明します。

①読めるようになる。
簡単に説明します。
難しい言葉や文字の多さに圧倒されることがあると思います。それに惑わされず、情報の流れを追うことが大切になってきます。情報の流れ方には大きくわけて3種類あります。反復と対比と因果です。
筆者には言いたいこと(主張)があって、それを伝えるためにその文章を書いています。人間言いたいことは何度も繰り返してしまう。筆者も人間である以上主張を何度も繰り返します。しかし同じ形では文章にならないので形を変えます。それが反復です。また同じ視点から主張を続けても説得力に欠けるので、対比させます。対比させた上で自分の主張の正当性を訴えます。大抵は二項対立です。さらに自分の主張の理由を説明することで、読者に納得させやすくします。これに因果は相性がいい。
したがって字面に囚われず、今情報がどのように流れているのか抽象化し、脳内で記号化しながら読む必要があります。この文と前の文は反復なのか対比なのか因果なのか。情報を抽出する訓練をしましょう。これができるようになったら自然と文章の言ってることがわかってくると思います。ただ全てがそうではなく、導入部分や余談といった重要な情報がほとんどないもあるのでそこは緩急をつけて読みましょう。
私がやっていた記号化のコツとして、1番の主張に線を引き、対比は記号をつけ、因果は矢印を引いてました。読みながらやると頭が整理されて読みやすくなります。あらかじめ自分ルールを作っておくと安心します。やってみて下さい。
あと一つ、逆接には気をつけましょう。Yes,but法なんてものがありますが、人間逆接の後に注目しがちです。筆者もそれを使ってきます。逆接の後には重要な情報が待っています。それが主張(あるいは主張し始める合図)だったり、今後キーワードになる定義だったりと一概には言えませんが、要注意です。

②解けるようになる。
評論を苦手にする受験生は多いと思います。私もそうでした。よく数学や理科と比べて｢答えがひとつじゃないから答えようがない！｣と嘆いたものです。しかしこれは間違いで、試験科目である以上採点基準があります。それを満たしていなければ減点されるし、全て満たせば満点となります。現代文で点を取る時に重要となってくるのは、この採点基準を知ることです。
ありがたいことにこの採点基準というものはある程度パターン化しています。それをここで全部紹介は出来ないので、学ぶ方法を教えます。私も受験生の頃そのような内容が充実している参考書を色々探しましたが、なかなか望むものが見当たりませんでした。結局一番良かったのが、模試の解答です。
模試は大手予備校や企業が出している訳ですが、その名前を出している以上変な問題は出せません。したがってかなり質のいい問題が出されます。ここで質がいいとは、例えばセンター模試ではセンターの傾向により即しているということではなく、解答プロセスが分かりやすく解答が充実しているという意味です。変な知識やひらめきが必要な問題はいわゆる悪問であり、模試で出されると凄く業界から嫌がられます(よく予備校の先生が愚痴ってました笑)。また日本全国ですごい数の受験生が見るので、より客観的で妥当性のあるプロセスで解答が導かれます。そのプロセスはたくさんの人が見て納得できるように丁寧に書かれています。よって初学者は模試の過去問を読んで、採点基準はどのような箇所に与えられるのか、それぞれの採点基準はどのように解けばいいのかを身につけていくのが効率が良いと思います。引き出しを増やしましょう。


次に小説について。
何よりも大切なことですが、小説の読解は｢登場人物の気持ちになれ｣という文句が常套句になっていますが、あれは間違っています。共感性は求められていません。そろそろ共感性なんて人によってバラバラです。そんな曖昧で主観的な基準は求められていません。求められているのは、状況分析能力と至極一般的な思考回路です。以下で説明します。
まずは話を場面ごとに区切ります。場所が変わったり登場人物の出入りがあったら場面が変わります。場面が変われば状況が変わるので、一旦区切られます。次に着目したい登場人物の置かれている状況や背景をチェックします。主に外的なものをチェックします。その外的な何かがその登場人物に起こり、心情に何らかの影響を与え、それが言動となって現れます。したがってここで必要なのは、登場人物に起こった外的な何かの状況把握と結果起こした言動です。
よく登場人物の感情から考える人がいますが、先にも述べたように、必要ありません。人によってどのように感じるかは様々です。統一できません。したがって私たちがすることは、上の外的な何かが起こった状況から登場人物が起こした言動を結ぶに｢矛盾しない」心情を考えるまでです。大切なのは｢一般的に矛盾しない｣ことです(サイコパス的な思考回路は論外ですが…)。｢僕ならこう思う！｣は問われません(そんなもの採点基準に出来ないからです)。私たちが人間的な感情回路を発動できるのはこの瞬間だけです。予備校では｢心情はあっさり、外堀でがっつり｣と教わりました。特にマーク式ではそうですが、心情にこだわっていては解けきれないことが多いので注意です。
小説の問題の多くはこの一連のプロセスから出されることが多いです。頻出なものとしては、心情に変化が起こった原因が違ったり、状況から言動を結ぶ心情が余りにの不自然などがあります。これもパターン化しているので、問題演習を通して引き出しを増やしましょう。
小説も評論と全く同じ理由で、模試の過去問で対策するといいです。これは評論も同じですが、しっかり解答解説を読みましょう。間違っていた問題はなおさらですが、合っていた問題もまぐれじゃなかったか確認する必要はあります。問題演習で一番実力がつく時は解いてる時でも丸つけしている時でもなく、解答解説を見ている時です。


以上です。ざっくりまとめてみました。アドバイスっていうよりも1から教える形になって長くなってしまいました。申し訳ないです。かなりざっくりなので、よく分からない部分もあると思いますが、何かあったらコメントの方にお願いします。
それではコロナで色々と煩わしいことが多いとは思いますが、頑張ってください！1d:T1369,こんにちは！

私が思う共通テスト国語の第１問を解くときに大切なことを、２つのポイントに分けてお伝えしますね！


まずは一つ目
「選択肢に目を通すのは、解答の方向性が決まってから」

そもそも、共通テストはお偉いさん方が多くの時間と労力をかけて作り上げるテストです。問題作成者たちは当然のことながら真正面から受験生の読解力を試してきます。だからこそ、選択肢の一つひとつはよく練られていて、文章の理解が曖昧だと、どうしても選択肢に惑わされてしまいます。

そこで、選択肢に惑わされないために、私が実践していたのが、
「解答の方向性が決まってから選択肢に目を通す」という方法です。

先に選択肢を見てしまうと、４つものダミー選択肢に影響されてしまい、本文の理解が崩れてしまう可能性があります。（「５つの中から不適切なものを１つ選べ」、という問題ならこんな心配ないかもしれませんが...）

また、私の場合、二次試験にも国語・評論文が出題される大学を志望していたので、共通テスト対策でありながらも実際に記述で答案を作ってみるという学習方法を取り入れていました。そして、自分が記述した答案と選択肢を照らし合わせながら、マークすべき選択肢を選んでいました。こうすることで、厄介な選択肢に惑わされにくいだけでなく、自身の解答により一層自信が持てるようになると思います！（実際、私はこの手法で国語の得点が上がり、安定するようになりました！）

もし日頃の学習でマーク式の問題に取り組む機会があれば、ぜひ試してみてください！全問題に記述答案を作成するのは結構ハードなので、数問だけピックアップして取り組むといいかもしれません。また、試験本番や模試となると、実際に手を動かして記述答案を作るのは、時間的にやや非現実的かもしれないので、脳内で解答の骨子を作り上げるだけで十分に効果はあるはずです！

結論として、
「選択肢から正解を見つけようとしない」＝「解答は自分で作る」


そして二つ目
「なぜ間違えたのかの分析を怠らない」

これは入試本番ではなく、普段の学習におけるアドバイスです。他の教科においても言えることですが、どうしてもミスとは同じようなものを繰り返してしまいがちです。そのため、自分が陥りがちな過ちを予めわかっておけば、それらを意識しながら問題を解いたり、対策を練ったりすることで、誤答率は格段と下がることが期待できます！

ここでは、私が思いつく限りの分析ポイントの例を、その重要度が高い順に挙げておきますね。

1. 文章の全体要旨が掴めていたか
　これができていないと、ほとんどの問題が不正解なはずです。原因はそのテーマに対する知識不足であったり、苦手意識だったりが考えられます。この場合、例えば演習量を増やすなど抜本的な改善がおすすめです。
2. 言い換え表現が掴めていたか（抽象と具体の関係が掴めていたか）
　「どういうことか」を問う問題は、大抵がこの読解力を試しています。（この回答文でも言い換えや抽象化、具体化をしている部分があるので、ぜひちょっと読み返してみてほしい！）
3. 対比構造が掴めていたか
　二項対立の文章ってかなり多いです。現代社会の文脈では「グローバリズムvsナショナリズム」、芸術の文脈では「ロマン主義vs古典主義」、などなど。本文中の対立構造が掴めていれば長い文章も読みやすくなります。また、根底にはこれが掴めているかを問うている設問も割と多く出題されている印象です。
4. 原因と結果の関係が掴めていたか
　「なぜか」を問う問題は、この読解力を試しているのは言わずもがなですね。とはいえ、因果関係って、明確に示す表現が使われていないと気付きにくかったりします。

以上の点に注意して、自分の読解のクセを見つけて、意識して修正していくことで、正答率は上がっていくのではないでしょうか。


私からの回答はこれでおしまいです。最後まで読んでくださりありがとうございます。少しでも、くみさんをはじめ、ここまで読んでくださった方の学習のお役に立てたら嬉しいです！2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=T1tpiGMBp00JfyF5WeIc","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"圧倒的に差をつける小説のポイント！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",26,") コメント(",1,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"5/23 0:13"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"UniLink利用者の80%以上は、難関大学を志望する受験生です。これまでのデータから、偏差値の高いユーザーほど毎日UniLinkアプリを起動することが分かっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L13",null,{"clientImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_33A6ED429DC447C594F23C9B38945E53.jpg?alt=media&token=07ac8567-1a15-47f9-9060-cf55caec992d","clientUserName":"のおおり","infoString":"高卒 埼玉県 慶應義塾大学法学部(69)志望","adviceId":"T1tpiGMBp00JfyF5WeIc"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap","children":[["$","div","consultation-part-0",{"children":[null,"小説を解くときに絶対に抑えるポイント、解き方など教えて欲しいです！\n小説を解くとき何か決まりがあればなあといつも思ってしまいます。"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L14",null,{}]}],null]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L15",null,{"adviserImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_U45SVnfCTR70W3LM.jpg?alt=media&token=cf0be3d7-66e5-4a29-b581-9f8d3cadbf8e","adviserName":"たーもー","adviserDepartment":"早稲田大学人間科学部","adviceId":"T1tpiGMBp00JfyF5WeIc"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"すべての回答者は、学生証などを使用してUniLinkによって審査された東大・京大・慶應・早稲田・一橋・東工大・旧帝大のいずれかに所属する現役難関大生です。加えて、実際の回答をUniLinkが確認して一定の水準をクリアした合格者だけが登録できる仕組みとなっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap 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パンフレットバナー画像","className":"mt-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L17",null,{"id":"adsbygoogle-init-under-advice"}]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between","children":[["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold","children":["コメント(",1,")"]}],["$","$L18",null,{"adviceId":"T1tpiGMBp00JfyF5WeIc"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"divide-y","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mr-2","children":["$","$L19",null,{"avatarUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_33A6ED429DC447C594F23C9B38945E53.jpg?alt=media&token=07ac8567-1a15-47f9-9060-cf55caec992d","contributorName":"のおおり","adviceId":"T1tpiGMBp00JfyF5WeIc"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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mb-1","children":"みっきーさん、こんにちは😀\n一橋大学商学部の〆さばです。\n\n確かに小説やエッセイのパートは論説文に比べると点数が安定しませんでした。\n結論から言うと論説文とやり方は同じで求められる要素を文章中から見つけ出すだけです。\n\nですが、小説の場合はストーリーの方に頭がいってしまい、純粋にキーワード探しに集中することができなかったり、恣意的な解釈をしてしまうことが起きやすいために苦手にする人が多いです。点数のばらつきが大きいのもそのためです。\n\n対策としては感情移入をしないよう意識することです。文章中から必要な要素を見つけることがあくまで目的です。自分の感情に最も近い回答を選ぶことを求められているのではないと認識する必要があります。\n\n例えば、この場面ではこう考える「はずだ」→だからこれが答えだ\nこういう解答のプロセスをとっていると点数のばらつきが大きくなります。（高い時は高いが低い時は目も当てられない）\n\n一方で理想的な解答方法としては\nここにこう思ったと書いてある→だからこの記述に最も近いこれが答えだ\nこういった解答のプロセスが理想です。\n\n小説の、特に内容が面白い時は文章に釘付けになってしまうこともありますよね。ですがそれでは作成者の思う壺です。極端なことを言えば必要な要素さえ見つけられれば良いのですから全てのストーリーを把握する必要はないのです。（主人公のその後なんて考えるようではどうしようもないです）\n\nこれに関しては慣れるしかないと思います。ですのでセンター形式の問題集を用いて演習を重ねていくのが一番です。また、時間があるようでしたら要約の練習をしてみるのも効果的だと思います。以前の回答で要約のメリット等について書きましたのでそちらを参照していただけると幸いです。\n\n質問等あれば気軽にコメントください😀\nでは、受験勉強頑張ってください！\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 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