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1a:Tcfe,はじめまして！

傍線部周辺で一番重要なことはある程度読み取れているのだと思います。マークだとそこが抑えられていれば正しい選択肢が選べます。ただ記述はその重要な箇所以外もきっちり抑えないと原点されます。
なので本質的な文章の読み方だったり設問の解き方ではなく、技術的な「記述の書き方」について説明しようと思います。

まず、少し当たり前の話からしますが、現代文も試験科目である以上採点基準があります。1つの設問につき「書けていれば得点、無ければ減点」といったポイントが用意されています。結論を言ってしまえばそれを抑えれば記述で点が取れます。
その採点基準が具体的には何なのかを知る前に確認したいこととして、現代文における設問の答えは傍線部の説明になります(漢字とかは除く)。つまり傍線部に対して、「なぜそういう結論に至ったのか」「一体これは何についてどう評価しているのか」を分かりやすい説明を作る作業です。すなわち、初見(ここでは文章を読んでいないレベル)の人に対して、傍線部の説明になっているのが理想的です。
例えば、傍線が文章の述語に引かれていればその文書の主語を説明しないとそもそも何の話か分かりません。傍線部に指示語があればそれを説明しないと何を指しているのか分かりません。筆者がその文書内で定義した表現(よく「」がついている単語)もしっかり定義をさかのぼって説明する必要があります。
これらの内容が採点基準であり、記述の加点ポイントです。

もう少し実践的なアドバイスに切り替えます。
まず文章を読んで傍線部に出会ったら、「ここ説明が求められてそうだな」というポイントを数えましょう。そしてそれぞれの説明が用意できてから記述を書き始めます。
私が受験生の時は、ポイントをまず数えてからその説明を探す前に記述の骨子を作ってからそこに説明をはめ込んでいきました(パズルみたいな感覚)。こうすれば書き直しとかもなく時間ロスが少なかったです。参考までに。

以上、かなりテクニカルな解説になりました。
もしかしたら的はずれな解説になっているかも知れません。その時はお手数ですが、また質問してください💦

おすすめの問題集も教えて欲しいとのことですが、問題集の解説は以外と結論しか書いてないです。なぜその説明になったのかのプロセスや根拠はほとんど割愛されています。そんな中私は模試の過去問をよく解いてました。模試の過去問は科目問わず伝統的に解説がかなり充実しています(ただ答えだけでなく何故そこに到ったのかの思考プロセスが載っている)。なのでもし手に入るなら模試の過去問がオススメです。

以上です。
これから暑くなっていきますが、負けずに頑張ってください！1b:T1b1b,こんにちは！
こうしんと申します！

まずは基本的な現代文の勉強法を書いておきます。その次にこれをどうセンター試験に適応するのか説明しますね！

現代文の勉強法

現代文を解く解き方は、大きく分けて、内容で解く方法と、表現で解く方法があります。

内容で解く方法
現代文の内容を理解して解く方法で、現在のところ大多数派の考え方です。駿台では、関東を中心に広まっています。
現代文には多くの場合、対比を用いて説明していると言う特徴があります。その対比を見つけて理解すれば、問題の本質がその部分を突いているので、解答ができるという考え方です。
この方法は、考え方が自然でとっつきやすく勉強しやすい、また多くの問題に一つの考え方で対処できるという利点がありますが、一方で対比を見つけるのが難しい（先天的な国語力が大きく左右する）、解答を自力で組み上げる力がいるという欠点があります。
良くも悪くも得意な人向けな印象ですね。

表現で解く方法
現代文に散らばっている表現技法を理解して、重要な部分を素早く見つけようとする考え方です。駿台では関西中心に広まっています。
現代文を書く筆者さんは、読者になにかを伝えたいと言う思いで執筆しています。そのため、読者に自分の主張である重要部分を示す必要があります。その部分を強調しているのが、表現技法です。そのため、こちらが表現技法を理解して現代文を読めば、必ず重要部分がわかり、その部分を問いている問題にも対応できるという考え方です。
この方法は、表現技法を勉強するのと、それを見つけるやり方に慣れる必要があります。そのため、勉強に関しては少し難しいという欠点はありますが、一度習得すれば間違いなく現代文で高得点を取れます。僕はこちらの方法で勉強したのですが、国語が劇的に上がりました！個人的にはオススメです。

・オススメ参考書

いずれの考え方も著名な先生がいらっしゃり、その先生の参考書を買って勉強するといいと思います！
内容で解く…駿台 霜先生
表現で解く…駿台 中野先生

・現代文をとくコツ（表現重視）

まず現代文の読み方ですが、即効性のある注意点として、「言い換え」「主張表明」「重要視」「問題提示」「断定」「対比」「譲歩」のある表現に注意してください！
例えば、
「言い換え」なら、つまり、言い換えれば、要するに、まとめると、という言葉をチェックです。
「主張表明」なら、〜と思う、〜と考える、〜と言える、〜ではないだろうか、という言葉をチェックです。
「重要視」なら、〜が重要だ、大事だ、大切だ、必要だ、という言葉をチェックです。
「問題提示」なら、〜だろうか？という問いと、答えはーである、という答えをセットにしてチェックです。
「断定」なら、〜だ、〜である、の言葉にチェックです。
「対比」は、日本語文の場合明示されることが少ないです。なので、文章中の内容を大まかで読み取り対比を探しましょう！
「譲歩」は譲歩→否定→主張の順で話が展開します。この主張部分チェックです。
チェックした文章が、筆者の主張を表しています。これらの主張が解答の根拠になってくるので、その内容に十分気をつけてください。（必ずしも理解する必要はありません）

次に、解答です。解答は大きく二つに分類されます！「何故か」と「どういうことを言っているのか」です。

前者は、「SがVするのは何故か」という形で問われるので、「Sは、Mだから、Vする」と考えて、Mの部分を探します。このMは主張である場合が多いです。何故なら、問題作成者が受験生に問いたいのは「筆者の主張は正しく読み取れているかどうか」ですから。また、Mの部分は主語がSであることが多く、少なくともSと関係する場所にあります。ここまでくれば、ほぼ絞り込まれているので、あとは探した主張を日本語に注意してMにぶち込んでやれば「SはMだから」という解答が完成します。

後者は、もっと単純で「SがVだ、というのはどういうことを言っているのか」という形で問われるので、SとVを本文中のチェックした部分から、より具体的な言い換え表現をチェックした部分から取ってくればオッケーです。

以上が解答の大まかな構成で、加えて追加要素を入れていきます。注意する点は、「指示語、代名詞」と「主語」と「比喩」です。これらを、本文中の具体的な内容に変換していきます。
こうして解答が完成します。必ずしも理解する必要はないと言ったのは、解答は代入作業で済んでしまうからです。なんとなく理解していれば大丈夫です。


以上のことを踏まえてセンター試験現代文を見ると、非常に上の勉強法に合った内容を問いていることが分かります。
というのは、選択肢がチェックした内容があるかどうか、間違ってはいないかどうかで答えが決まっているわけです！
つまり、記述問題を解く過程でポイントになっているところが、センター試験では選択肢を絞るポイントになるのです！

では基礎は上に述べた通りなので、次はセンター試験で通用する簡単なコツを。
これは簡単なことなのですが、各問題が解ける範囲が特定できるというものです。
具体的には、問題とそれに対応する傍線部があれば、次の問題の傍線部までの範囲が、その問題が解ける範囲です。
例えば、問い1で傍線部Aを聞いてきたとします。問い2はもちろん傍線部Bを問います。この時問い1を解くためには、傍線部Bまでの文章を読めば問い1は絶対に解ける、というものです。

これはセンター試験現代文に代々受け継がれてきた風習のようなものですね。だから、途中途中で解くことができるのでオススメです！

この基礎+コツを使えば、点数上がります！演習してぜひ身につけてください！1c:Tcde,ひたすら多読するのが一番の近道だと思います。記述で少しずつ落としてしまうのは、少し文構造を取り間違えたり、単語や熟語を知らなかったりするからですが、これに対する特効薬のようなものは無く、ただ沢山の長文に触れ、学び、慣れていく他ないと思います。残された時間が少なく焦ってしまうとは思いますが、根気よくやっていくしかありません。

英語は、①単語②文法③解釈④長文⑤英作の5つをこの順にやるのが良いと言われることが多いです。ただ①、②を完璧にすることは不可能なので、何となくできてきたら次に進むのが良いと思います。質問者さんが高校三年生であることを考えると、解釈または長文をするのがいいと思います(同時並行で英作をやるのもアリ)。問題集としては、基礎英文問題精講、基礎長文問題精講をおすすめします。

説明問題は、適当な部分を見つけて訳す問題、すなわち英文和訳の問題に帰着されるとよく言われます。説明問題に対処するためには、まず英文を訳せるようにならなければなりません。英文を訳すためには、丁寧に文構造をとる練習が必要なので、基礎英文問題精講など英文解釈系の問題集を1冊やっておくのがいいと思います。丁寧に文構造をとることで、少しずつ点を落としてしまうことを減らすことが出来ます。その後、身についた英文解釈の力を活かすべく、基礎長文問題精講などの問題集で英文和訳に慣れるのがおすすめです。

一橋大学の過去問をやっていないならば1年分やってみるといいと思います。英作に自信が無いなら長文の問題である大問1(年によって大問2も)だけでもやってみると、自分の苦手なところや、ケアレスミスをしがちなところ、思わず雑に訳してしまうところなどを確認することが出来ると思います。解答はできれば他人にみてもらうのがいいですが、もし出来ないならば自己採点をするのが良いと思います。自己採点する際、自分で解答の要素を区切って細かく見ていくのがおすすめです。実際、模試や入試の採点者は機械的に要素採点をしていることが多いそうです。

ちなみに、解答で意訳しすぎているような問題集、参考書がありますが、そのように全てを意訳する必要はなく、学校で習ったような意訳(無生物主語など)以外は直訳で減点されることはあまりないです。不自然な日本語でも、自分が文構造を分かっているという証明になるのでそのまま書くべきです。前述のように要素採点なので、どの日本語がどの英語の部分に対応しているのか分かりにくい場合、減点されるかも知れません。

もし余裕があるなら、一橋大学以外の大学の過去問をやってみるのもいいと思います。阪大や京大の和訳問題は良い問題が多いです。2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=SErK_3IBTqPwDZPuP8Hg","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"記述方法！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",1,") コメント(",0,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"6/29 20:15"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"UniLink利用者の80%以上は、難関大学を志望する受験生です。これまでのデータから、偏差値の高いユーザーほど毎日UniLinkアプリを起動することが分かっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L13",null,{"clientImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_5E9836E4CFE74F8E96AD2FB91555BE06.jpg?alt=media&token=a3666c90-946a-4e99-b36c-7811197db53e","clientUserName":"ピヨ🐣","infoString":"高卒 東京都 早稲田大学志望","adviceId":"SErK_3IBTqPwDZPuP8Hg"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap","children":[["$","div","consultation-part-0",{"children":[null,"マークだと古文も漢文もある程度できるのですが、記述になるとどのように意訳すればいいとかがよくわかりません、、、やっぱり慣れていくしかないのでしょうか"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L14",null,{}]}],null]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L15",null,{"adviserImageUrl":null,"adviserName":"バナナ","adviserDepartment":"名古屋大学教育学部","adviceId":"SErK_3IBTqPwDZPuP8Hg"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"すべての回答者は、学生証などを使用してUniLinkによって審査された東大・京大・慶應・早稲田・一橋・東工大・旧帝大のいずれかに所属する現役難関大生です。加えて、実際の回答をUniLinkが確認して一定の水準をクリアした合格者だけが登録できる仕組みとなっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap mb-4","children":[["$","div","advice-part-0",{"children":[null,"そうですね。慣れてください。\nセンターは、綺麗な現代語訳ができなくても内容さえ押さえられればある程度得点できます。しかし、記述はそうはいきません。助動詞や敬語の意味を理解して現代語訳していますよーっていうことが採点者に伝わらないと減点されてしまいます。意訳は全体の意味に重点を置き、1つ1つの語句に拘りませんから、意外と敬語や助動詞の現代語訳が雑になりがちです。現代語訳しなさいという設問では1つ1つの語句の意味を捉えて、訳せるといいと思います。"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L16",null,{"adviserImageUrl":null,"adviserName":"バナナ","adviserDepartment":"名古屋大学教育学部","adviceId":"SErK_3IBTqPwDZPuP8Hg","numberOfFan":171,"clipsAvg":8.82,"adviceRateAvg":4.567476948868399,"profile":"　主に国語と英語、文系数学について答えています。マークレ\nベルなら日本史と倫理政治経済、化学基礎、生物基礎もいけます。\n　回答する際は質問者様を完全に否定しないことを意識しています。時々辛辣なことも述べますが、なるべく、良い点を見つけて、その点も踏まえてエール、アドバイスを送ります。\n　個人的にクリップ数はもちろんですが、いいねの数も参考にしています。例えば、クリップ数が1つでも、★が5ならば、たくさんの人には届いていないけど、届くべき人に届けることができたということになります。逆にクリップ数が多くても、★が2とか、1なら、もっとわかりやすく表現できたのではないかとか、色々考えさせられます。"}]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://ck.jp.ap.valuecommerce.com/servlet/referral?sid=3364577&pid=884970531&vc_url=http%3A%2F%2Fshingakunet.com%2F%3Fvos%3Dnrmnvccp0000100","rel":"nofollow","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/document_request_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"現代文攻略"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは！\n\n現代文はある程度問題によって相性が出てしまう科目であると思います！ですが勉強していくことによってその事故というものを少なく、最小限にすることはできると思います！\n\nしっかりと諦めずに正しい勉強をすれば偏差値60までは必ずいくと思うのでとにかく曖昧に読むのではなくきっちりと文を正確に読めるように、また参考書に書かれている読み方ができるようになることが大切だと思います！！\n\nおすすめの参考書は現代文読解力の開発講座です！！評論の難しい文章に対してかなり詳しく解説されていて、現代文の読み方を教えてくれるのでこれをしっかり2、3周やるのがいいと思います！また、要約問題もあるのでこれをしっかりやると記述の力もついていくのではないかと思います！！\n\n以下がおすすめのやりかたです！\n現代文読解力の開発講座の進め方\n1周目　まず解いて答え合わせで解説を熟読して読み方を学ぶ。（要約は1周目はやらなくてもOK）\n2、3周目　要約も含めて解いて解決をすみずみまで読む。参考書に書いてあるような解き方の流れをできるようにする。\n\nこの順番で進めていくのがいいとおもいます！\n\n補足　質問者さんは早稲田志望ということで早稲田の現代文の難易度ですがあくまで個人的な感想ですが（現代文の難易度で入りやすさではないです。）\nスポ科、国教→社学→商、人科→教育、文、文構→政経→法\n参考にしてみてください！！\n\n最後に自分が辿り着いた現代文の復習のやり方が以下のやり方です！是非参考にしてみてください！\n\n① まずは答えを見た上で解説を見ないでなぜこの答えになるのかの根拠を探す。（この①が非常に大切です。）\n\n② そこで探した根拠があっているか解説をみて照らし合わせる。\n\n③ 解説を見て納得した上で、もう一度本文に戻って解き直してみる\n\n自分は試行錯誤の上にこのやり方に辿り着きました！やはり現代文というのは非常にやり方が難しい科目ですが答えは必ず本文に根拠があるっていうのを忘れないでほしいです！ですので、そこを見つけるというのをメインに復習でやるのがいいと思います！\n\n参考になれば幸いです！！また、いつでも何か聞きたければこちらのコメントでお答えするのでお気軽にどうぞ！（答えられる範囲で答えます！）\n\nまた、UniLink パートナーのオンライン受験相談も実施しています！興味がある方はメッセージよろしくお願いします！！！\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 4-4-1.79-4-4-4zm0 10c-2.67 0-8 1.34-8 4v2h16v-2c0-2.66-5.33-4-8-4z","children":[]}]]],"style":{"color":"$undefined"},"height":16,"width":16,"xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs","children":["早稲田大学商学部"," 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"マークと記述"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"英語において、マークと記述で問われる力は全く異なると言っても過言ではないでしょう。特に京都大学の場合それが顕著に出ます。気をつけてください。\n具体的に見ていきますと、センター試験は本当によくできた試験で、総合的で基礎的な英語力をうまく問うています。文法から読解まで幅広い力が問われるでしょう。対して記述試験では、文法などの基礎的な力よりも、より実践的な力が問われることが多いです。読解と英作文で大半を占めることが多いでしょう。\nここまで見てきた通り、そもそも守備範囲が異なるということが挙げられます。まず、両方のテストで、自分がどの大問で多く点を取り、どの大問で落としたかを見てみてください。もしかして、英作文が苦手ではありませんか？これは記述特有で問われる分野だからです。(ただし、英作文に必要な力、例えば英作文のための文法や適切な文構成などはセンターでも問われます)\nまた、読解と一口に言っても、センターと記述では大きく異なるのも事実です。センター試験では多くの分量を早く正確にこなすことが求められます。また、極端に言うと、和訳する必要がない問題形式でもあります。英語を英語のまま意味を取り英語で答えることができればかなりいい点が取れるでしょう。また、先ほども言ったように速さが重要で、処理能力も試されています。対して記述英語は、こってりとした文章をしっかり解釈させるものが多いでしょう。この際日本語で解答させるものも少なくないので、和訳力と言うのが存分に試されます。語彙も、知らないものが出てくることが多いでしょう。これは知らない単語をいかに推測・表現するかと言う部分を試されているともいえます。このように、日本語力も重要になってくるのが記述英語でしょう。\nこのように必要な能力が双方で異なっているのです。自分の弱点と得意を今一度見直し、これからの対策に役立ててください。\n\n対策の仕方は、その苦手分野によるかと思いますので、もし気になるようでしたら、分野ごとの点の取り方を見た上でまた質問してください。お待ちしています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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