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1c:Tcfe,はじめまして！

傍線部周辺で一番重要なことはある程度読み取れているのだと思います。マークだとそこが抑えられていれば正しい選択肢が選べます。ただ記述はその重要な箇所以外もきっちり抑えないと原点されます。
なので本質的な文章の読み方だったり設問の解き方ではなく、技術的な「記述の書き方」について説明しようと思います。

まず、少し当たり前の話からしますが、現代文も試験科目である以上採点基準があります。1つの設問につき「書けていれば得点、無ければ減点」といったポイントが用意されています。結論を言ってしまえばそれを抑えれば記述で点が取れます。
その採点基準が具体的には何なのかを知る前に確認したいこととして、現代文における設問の答えは傍線部の説明になります(漢字とかは除く)。つまり傍線部に対して、「なぜそういう結論に至ったのか」「一体これは何についてどう評価しているのか」を分かりやすい説明を作る作業です。すなわち、初見(ここでは文章を読んでいないレベル)の人に対して、傍線部の説明になっているのが理想的です。
例えば、傍線が文章の述語に引かれていればその文書の主語を説明しないとそもそも何の話か分かりません。傍線部に指示語があればそれを説明しないと何を指しているのか分かりません。筆者がその文書内で定義した表現(よく「」がついている単語)もしっかり定義をさかのぼって説明する必要があります。
これらの内容が採点基準であり、記述の加点ポイントです。

もう少し実践的なアドバイスに切り替えます。
まず文章を読んで傍線部に出会ったら、「ここ説明が求められてそうだな」というポイントを数えましょう。そしてそれぞれの説明が用意できてから記述を書き始めます。
私が受験生の時は、ポイントをまず数えてからその説明を探す前に記述の骨子を作ってからそこに説明をはめ込んでいきました(パズルみたいな感覚)。こうすれば書き直しとかもなく時間ロスが少なかったです。参考までに。

以上、かなりテクニカルな解説になりました。
もしかしたら的はずれな解説になっているかも知れません。その時はお手数ですが、また質問してください💦

おすすめの問題集も教えて欲しいとのことですが、問題集の解説は以外と結論しか書いてないです。なぜその説明になったのかのプロセスや根拠はほとんど割愛されています。そんな中私は模試の過去問をよく解いてました。模試の過去問は科目問わず伝統的に解説がかなり充実しています(ただ答えだけでなく何故そこに到ったのかの思考プロセスが載っている)。なのでもし手に入るなら模試の過去問がオススメです。

以上です。
これから暑くなっていきますが、負けずに頑張ってください！1d:Tff7,質問ありがとうございます。

確かに現代文は正解が導きにくいですよね。。
私は演習を重ねる中でコツをつかんだのですが、これを言語化することは非常に難しいです。なので分かりにくい可能性もありますから遠慮なく追加質問をしてください！

いくつか意識していたことを書きますね

①選択問題でもまず自分で答えを作る
選択問題なので回答は選択肢のひとつにあるわけですが、まずは自分で「答えはこんな感じになるだろうな」と予想してから選択肢を見るようにしていました。この問題が記述だったときに自分だったらどう書くかを考えていたということですね。長い時間をかけて組み立ては行わずとも「この要素とこの要素とこの要素をまとめればいいな」くらいで十分だと思います。

そして選択肢の答えと違う部分があったときはどうして間違えたのかを分析します。

②間違えた問題の徹底分析
これが一番大切です。ここにものすごく時間を注いでほしいと思います。
現代文の回答は要素採点です。回答と比較してどの要素が入っていて、どの要素が入っていないのかを必ずすべての問題で明らかにしてください。そして
「その要素が本文のどこにあるのか」
「どうしてこの問題の答えの要素になっているのか」
「どうして自分はこの要素を見つけられてのか/見つけられなかったのか」
を徹底的に考え抜いてください。最初の方は「読み飛ばしていたから」とか「他のところが答えだと決めつけていた」というような不注意による見落としを原因として挙げることが多いと思います。でも慣れてくれば「ここの因果関係の把握の仕方間違えた」とか「この同義表現には気づかなかった」というような本質的な発見ができるはずです。
自分の中で原因がわかったらどうしたらそれを取り除くことができるのか、つまり次どうしたら同じような失敗を繰り返さないのかを考えてみてください。これはなかなか難しく、時間をかけてやってほしいです。それだけ価値のある時間になります。例えば、因果関係や同義表現に気づかなかったというものだとしたら、「因果関係や同義表現を表すこういう言葉には印をつける」とか、「因果関係は矢印を書き、同義表現は＝で繋いで分かりやすくする」というのが挙げられます。

何回も言いますが、この分析が最も大切です。
現代文は何題も解いた方がいいという言う人もいますが、私はそうは思いません。ひとつの問題を完璧に理解し、解けるようにするほうが何倍も大切だと思います。

③説明する
最後の復習として自分で模擬講義みたいなことをしていました。家でひとりで机に向かって話しているだけです。笑
解答作成の手順や、解答要素の説明、自分が間違えたところを間違えやすい箇所として声に出していました。これのいいところは自分が完全に理解していないところが浮き彫りになるということです。頭の中で分かっていることとちゃんと理解していることは違います。「ここは当然こうなる」というような説明から逃げたような言葉を使いたくなったらそこは完璧に理解できていないということです。逆にここで完璧に説明できればもう復習はいらないと思います。

いかがでしたでしょうか？
ひとつでも参考になる点があれば幸いです！
最初にも書いた通り、私の中でも完璧に言語化できていないので追加質問はいつでもしてください！1e:Tc9d,中学の現代文と高校の現代文の決定的な差を知っていますか？

それは、設問の文言に必ずある「最も適切なものを〜」です。

多分誰もが中学の時に（もしかしたら高校でも）、「現代文は消去法だ！」って言われているかもしれません。

しかし、その考えは根底から間違っています。
だって、間違っているものをすべて消去した結果残ったものが正解って。。。
本当にそんなことがあるのでしょうか？

そう言う安直な人間を落とせるように、大学側も問題をひねっています。
それは「正解選択肢を２つ作ること」です。。。

え？ってなったかもしれません。
正解が二つ？

いや、正解が二つあってもいいんですよ。
なぜなら「最も適切なもの」を選ばせるのだから。

適当なものの中から、最も適当なものを選ばせるのであれば、別に正解選択肢が２つあっても問題ないですよね？


では解説したいと思います。
基本的には４択であれば、そのうち１つは大ハズレ。
一つは事実錯誤、もしくは逆情報などで間違い選択肢だとします
残りの二つは、「問題を記述問題にした時に、正解の要素が全て揃っているもの」と「問題を記述問題にした時に、正解の要素がかけてはいるが、概ね正解とは言えるもの」です。


じゃあなぜこういう風な選択肢を作るのかと言うと、「記述問題に近い問題を作りたいから」です。

本当は私立大学だって、できることなら国公立と同様に記述問題を使用したい。、しかし資金獲得のため、受験者数も多くとりたい。ならば、仕方なしに解答方法を簡易化し、マークシート型にするしかない。

じゃあマークシートを記述に近づけるにはどうすればいいか？
そう。記述問題で怪異等を作るときのプロセスと同様の解答方法を、選択式問題でさせればいいことになります。

記述問題の解答の作成手順は、まず傍線部を解析した上で、それの換言、もしくは理由説明に必要な解答根拠をなるべく傍線部付近から探し出してきます。
採点官は、解答根拠がどれだけ記述内容に含まれているかを採点します。その上で文の接続、修飾、論理関係などを見ます。

つまり、記述において探し出してきた解答根拠が全部抜け目なく揃っている、もしくは選択肢の中で一番多いものが「最も適切なもの」なのです。

だから私立文系の国語の参考書でも記述問題を扱っているのです。
記述問題を応用したのが、選択問題なので。

皆さんには選択問題の見方を変えて欲しいです。
４択問題なら、あなた方は４人の記述回答の中で最も高い点数をつけるものはどれなのか？と言う観点で選んでみてください。

多分安定的に点数が撮れるはずです。頑張ってください。2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=RTeXKvjBCcAMRCxdZ2xZ","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"記述が全く出来ません"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",5,") コメント(",2,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"5/8 11:49"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark 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mb-2","children":"回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L15",null,{"adviserImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_ZeF1TuyD7eccwnIgB2MNbRkVXnt2.jpg?alt=media&token=6c655918-f628-44d4-be8a-a63386a56e48","adviserName":"Natsuki","adviserDepartment":"慶應義塾大学文学部","adviceId":"RTeXKvjBCcAMRCxdZ2xZ"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"すべての回答者は、学生証などを使用してUniLinkによって審査された東大・京大・慶應・早稲田・一橋・東工大・旧帝大のいずれかに所属する現役難関大生です。加えて、実際の回答をUniLinkが確認して一定の水準をクリアした合格者だけが登録できる仕組みとなっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap mb-4","children":[["$","div","advice-part-0",{"children":[null,"記述問題はパズルと同じです🧩\n\n文字数に合わせて、記述に入れたい内容を、本文から見つけます。20字だったら1つ、30字だったら2つor3つ、40字だったら3つというようにです。\n入れたい内容に丸をつけたら、後はそれを本文から取り出して、上手く繋げて一つの文章にまとめます✏︎\n（この入れたい内容がパズルのピースで、入れたい内容を一つの文章にまとめることがパズルという訳です🌟）\n\n「記述問題だから、ゼロから文章を作らなきゃ」と思っていませんでしたか？これだと難しくて、誰もできません😌\n記述問題を解く時の私たちは、ただ本文を切り取ってくっつければ良いのです🙆‍♀️答えは必ず本文にあります。じゃないと採点できませんからね！\n\n普段から、解答の解説をじっくり見るのも、記述問題の実力UPに繋がると思います。現代文は部分点で採点されていますよね。その部分点は、本文から切り取って欲しい場所に設定されています。「あ〜ここを切り取れば良さそうだな」と分かるようになれれば、スラスラと記述問題が解けるようになります✏️\n\n頑張ってください🧩"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L16",null,{"adviserImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_ZeF1TuyD7eccwnIgB2MNbRkVXnt2.jpg?alt=media&token=6c655918-f628-44d4-be8a-a63386a56e48","adviserName":"Natsuki","adviserDepartment":"慶應義塾大学文学部","adviceId":"RTeXKvjBCcAMRCxdZ2xZ","numberOfFan":26,"clipsAvg":14.67741935483871,"adviceRateAvg":4.8807339449541285,"profile":"\n💍慶應文学部3年生\n💍塾講師もしています\n💍2023年1月クリップランキング２位🥈\n\n自分の名前をローマ字で書くことすら出来ない英語レベル\n↓\n自称進学校の高校に入学\n↓\n予備校に通わず、慶應義塾大学に現役合格🌸\n\n私の勉強法やモチベーション•考え方をシェアすることで頑張る皆さんの力になりたいです❤️‍🔥\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"}]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://ck.jp.ap.valuecommerce.com/servlet/referral?sid=3364577&pid=884970531&vc_url=http%3A%2F%2Fshingakunet.com%2F%3Fvos%3Dnrmnvccp0000100","rel":"nofollow","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/document_request_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink 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21:35"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap","children":"ありがとうございます！"}]]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mr-2","children":["$","$L19",null,{"avatarUrl":null,"contributorName":"根刈り","adviceId":"RTeXKvjBCcAMRCxdZ2xZ"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-2","children":["$","$L1a",null,{"contributorName":"根刈り","adviceId":"RTeXKvjBCcAMRCxdZ2xZ"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption","children":"5/8 21:35"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap","children":"ありがとうございます！\n"}]]}]]}]]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold","children":"よく一緒に読まれている人気の回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"divide-y","children":[["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"/advice/xlNxcYQBTqPwDZPufwtO","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"flex items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"早稲法　現代文　記述"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"お疲れ様です‼️はじめまして、私の回答が少しでもあなたの力になればと思いコメントさせてもらいます。\n\nさすがに0は厳しいですね(笑)\n\n\n○早稲法の記述への対策\nポイントを探しを意識しましょう！記述は20文字あたりに1つ解答のポイントがあると思ってください。なので4〜6つほど得点となる箇所を見つけましょう。\nまた記述のある問4は長いので前半後半で基本的に内容が大きく変わります。その2つのつながりが何を示しているのかわかれば全体の主張、記述のヒントになります。\nさらに早稲法と同レベルほどの記述問題をやってもいいかもしれません。\n\n\n○ポイント\n\n・内容を自分の言葉にする(抽象的な内容を噛み砕く力)\n\n・全体の要旨を書く(要約)\n\n・背景知識(『現代文キーワード読解』)\n\n・論理的読解力をつける\n(文章の構成から内容の予測)\n\n・ディスコースマーカーに注目する\n(逆説、並列、具体例etc)\n\n・記述式で練習する\n(解答へのプロセスを鍛える)\n\n・現代文の復習を舐めない\n= 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"記述対策について"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":" まず、評論だけにとどまらないですが大前提として、求められていなければ回答に自分の感想は混ぜないでください。馬鹿にしているわけではありません。結構「問題の要求に応える」って難しいんです。\n\n なので、まずは問題で問われていることを正確に掴んでください。因果の説明なのか、言い換えなのか、はたまた他の種類なのか分析してください。\n\n 次に、本文の論理関係を掴んでください。傍線部はどのような論理で組み立てられ、織り込まれているのかを、じっくり読み解いてください。\n\n すると、なんとなく書くべきポイントがリストアップできます。ここで字数制限を意識してください。\nそもそも、書くべきポイント1個は大体20-30字で収まるように問題自体が作られています。40字制限なら盛り込むべきポイントは1,2個、60字ならポイントは2,3個という風に考えてください。\n\n 最後にその結果をアウトプットしてください。できるだけ、本文の表現を使って書いてください。そうしないと、採点者にわかってないと見られる可能性が高いです。ごくごくたまに、本文中の表現では回答できない問題も10年に1問くらいはあります。本当に、絶対に無理だと、思ったときは自分の表現で回答してください。\n\n現代文、特に評論では本文の論理を理解しているか問われているのです。そのことを理解せずに、いきなり回答を書き始めるとしくじります。加えて、完答が最高ですが、まずは高い部分点を貰えるように意識してください。\n\n以上のことに気をつけて、二次試験がんばってください。応援してます。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"現代文の記述問題"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"現代文の問題では、解答の根拠は必ず問題文中にあります。(私は、筆者や作者は神様くらいの気持ちで呼んでました。笑)\n「〜とはどういうことか」という設問なら、傍線部を要素に区切って、一つずつ丁寧に言い換えます。このとき、指示語は残さないこと、筆者独特の表現は必ず言い換えることを意識するといいと思います。「〜とあるがなぜか」という設問なら、論理の飛躍を埋めるだけです。あとは、どんなときも、問題文を読んだことがない人が見ても意味が分かる文章を書こうと意識してください。矛盾を説明する、変化を説明する、ジレンマを説明するなどいくつか頻出パターンもあります。\n最後に字数と要素の数についてですが、15文字で1要素を意識してみるといいと思います。また、100字を超えるような長い解答は、二文に分けると主述のねじれがない綺麗な文章が書きやすいです。\n現代文はコツを掴めばある程度安定して点数がとれるはずです。応援しています！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"過去問 現代文の記述問題の正解"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは。自分なりに回答させていただきます。\n\nまず、同じ問題で複数の解答例を見るのはとても良い方法だと思います。解答例を作る方もプロとはいえ毎回完璧な解答を作るのは無理ですし、会社によって癖が出ます。曖昧な書き方で濁す本もありますし、受験生にはかなり難しい語彙を駆使して攻める本もあります。それぞれの解答例の良い所をバランス良く取り入れるのが1番有効だと思います。\n\n具体的に言うと、それぞれの解答例を見比べてみて、どの解答にも大体同じニュアンスで書いてある部分に線を引いてください。記述問題は要素採点ですが、その部分は最低限書いてないとダメな箇所です。\n次に、全部ではないけど複数の解答例に書かれている要素をチェックしてください。これも恐らく書いておかないといけない部分ですが、書いてない方が妥当な場合もあるので、自分の頭で本文を読んで良く考えてみましょう。　\nこの部分を書いているのはこの解答例しかない、という場合、まずその部分を記述に取り入れた理由を解説で読み、妥当だと思うなら取り入れましょう。字数制限が厳しくて入れられない、もしくはあまりに言い過ぎでは？少しズレているのでは？と思うならひとまず外しておきましょう。\nバランス良く解答例を活用するのは難しいですが、いくつかやっていくうちに慣れてくると思います。解答例は先生方がものすごく考えて練られたものなので、この表現かっこいい、字数の節約に便利、と思ったらどんどん自分のものにしていってください。\n\n最後になりますが、以上の作業をやってみて、判断に迷ったらぜひ先生方に質問してください。「本文のこの部分、自分はこういう理由で書かなくてもいいと思ったのですが、この本の解答例には書いてありました。書くべきでしょうか？」などと聞けばきっと答えてくださるはずです。\n\nお力になれたでしょうか。色々な解答例はとても強い武器なので、ぜひ活用して頑張ってください。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"現代文攻略"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは！\n\n現代文はある程度問題によって相性が出てしまう科目であると思います！ですが勉強していくことによってその事故というものを少なく、最小限にすることはできると思います！\n\nしっかりと諦めずに正しい勉強をすれば偏差値60までは必ずいくと思うのでとにかく曖昧に読むのではなくきっちりと文を正確に読めるように、また参考書に書かれている読み方ができるようになることが大切だと思います！！\n\nおすすめの参考書は現代文読解力の開発講座です！！評論の難しい文章に対してかなり詳しく解説されていて、現代文の読み方を教えてくれるのでこれをしっかり2、3周やるのがいいと思います！また、要約問題もあるのでこれをしっかりやると記述の力もついていくのではないかと思います！！\n\n以下がおすすめのやりかたです！\n現代文読解力の開発講座の進め方\n1周目　まず解いて答え合わせで解説を熟読して読み方を学ぶ。（要約は1周目はやらなくてもOK）\n2、3周目　要約も含めて解いて解決をすみずみまで読む。参考書に書いてあるような解き方の流れをできるようにする。\n\nこの順番で進めていくのがいいとおもいます！\n\n補足　質問者さんは早稲田志望ということで早稲田の現代文の難易度ですがあくまで個人的な感想ですが（現代文の難易度で入りやすさではないです。）\nスポ科、国教→社学→商、人科→教育、文、文構→政経→法\n参考にしてみてください！！\n\n最後に自分が辿り着いた現代文の復習のやり方が以下のやり方です！是非参考にしてみてください！\n\n① まずは答えを見た上で解説を見ないでなぜこの答えになるのかの根拠を探す。（この①が非常に大切です。）\n\n② そこで探した根拠があっているか解説をみて照らし合わせる。\n\n③ 解説を見て納得した上で、もう一度本文に戻って解き直してみる\n\n自分は試行錯誤の上にこのやり方に辿り着きました！やはり現代文というのは非常にやり方が難しい科目ですが答えは必ず本文に根拠があるっていうのを忘れないでほしいです！ですので、そこを見つけるというのをメインに復習でやるのがいいと思います！\n\n参考になれば幸いです！！また、いつでも何か聞きたければこちらのコメントでお答えするのでお気軽にどうぞ！（答えられる範囲で答えます！）\n\nまた、UniLink パートナーのオンライン受験相談も実施しています！興味がある方はメッセージよろしくお願いします！！！\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 4-4-1.79-4-4-4zm0 10c-2.67 0-8 1.34-8 4v2h16v-2c0-2.66-5.33-4-8-4z","children":[]}]]],"style":{"color":"$undefined"},"height":16,"width":16,"xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs","children":["早稲田大学商学部"," 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