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1b:T14a1,言っていることが多少捉えにくいですのでご注意下さい。あととても長いです…

難しい文章になると単語帳に載ってる言い方から離れた翻訳になることはよくあります。
自分が受験期にしていたことは、概念を意識することでした。単語の概念を意識すると型にはまることもなく文章を多様に訳せるようになります。

では、概念を意識するとはどういうことか。それは、類語を意識することだと思ってください。例えばですが、preventという単語の意味に関して、概念の範疇内で違った言い方(訳し方)をできる限り多く頭に浮かべてください。(限界まで浮かべたら下へ)


















どうでしょうか。恐らく浮かんだ数が多ければ多い人ほど柔軟な翻訳能力が備わっていると思います。

「防ぐ」「阻む」「抑え込む」「押しとどめる」「差し止める」「封じる」「禁じる」「庇う」「助ける」「おかげで〜回避できる」…など、単語帳に載っていない沢山の異なる言い方があると思います。意味の類語から類語へとどんどん連想していくだけで適切な訳が見つかってきます。

「助ける」や「おかげで〜回避できる」などに疑問を持った方も居ると思いますが、例えば、
He prevented me from repeating a year.という文では「彼が留年から私を救ってくれた。彼のおかげで留年しないで済んだ。」などという風に訳したほうが自然です。「彼は私を留年から防いだ。」という様な訳だと意味は通じるけれど翻訳の仕方が下手ですよね。これが臨機応変にその場に合った翻訳ができるということを指すのです。
難しい言い方をしますが、概念とは同類のものから共通部分をぬき出して得た表象であり、類語はその共通部分を帯びた言葉に当たります。場面に応じた翻訳の仕方が上手い人は、単語帳に載っている言い方だけでなく単語の意味を概念で捉えた上でその類語力に力があるのではないでしょうか。(伝わりにくかったらすみません)


また、単語推測に関しては長文のトピックを掴んだ上で文章の流れや文脈、書き手の意思を汲み取って考えてみると知らない単語の意味が推測できますよ。

例えば、形容詞 jubilant を例に文を作ります。

She has jubilant eyes for a perfect score in math. 

この場合、 文脈を見るべきですよね。jubilant という単語は良い意味なのか悪い意味なのかどちらなのでしょうか。それは、for以下を見れば a perfect score から jubilant が良い意味だということがわかりますよね。
「彼女は数学で100点満点を取って嬉しそうな目をしている。」
実際はこのように簡単にはいきませんが、長文の途中で未知の単語が出てきても前後の文脈が理解できれば多少は意味が推測できるはずです。(動詞や形容詞なら意味的にマイナスかプラスかなど)


以上の二点(類語連想、文脈理解)を踏まえて、実践してみましょう。

下記の英文はある料理本に載っている注釈の一部を抜粋したものです。

If your recipe is for a dessert, soup, or other 
item recommended as a side course, please nail down your 
submission includes suggestions for main dishes that it 
would complement.

上手く翻訳できるでしょうか。

ポイントは4つあります。

①nail down
②submission
③suggestions
④complement


submissionとは「提案、提出、投稿」などの意味ですがここではレシピに関する話をしているので、料理そのものを指しますよね。

suggestionsは「示唆」や「暗示」を表しますがこの場合、名詞で訳さず動詞的に「しそう、できそう」と訳した方が適切な翻訳になりますよね。

complementは「を完全にする」などの意味ですがそれだと意味的に通らないので、類語を連想して文脈に当てはめると「を引き立たせる、を映えさせる」とすることができますよね。

最後に、nail downですがこれは以上の3点を理解した後に意味が見えてきます。「〜するようにする」の意味ですが、pleaseやsubmission以降の文からわかるはずです。

従って、和訳は

「お作りになるレシピがデザートやスープなどのサイドメニューでしたらメイン料理を上手く引き立たせられるようご確認下さい。」

となります。



結論何が言いたいかというと、適切な訳を思いつくようにするには類語を連想することが手っ取り早いということです。単語推測に関しては国語的な力も必要ですが(文脈や筆者の言いたいことに対する理解)、鍛錬すれば「あ、今こんなこと言ってるんだな」って勝手に分かってきます。頑張ってください。



2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=Me7DHiTRVQJVrtD4XeJ3","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"初見の表現はどこにまとめる？"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",1,") コメント(",1,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"4/21 17:34"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"UniLink利用者の80%以上は、難関大学を志望する受験生です。これまでのデータから、偏差値の高いユーザーほど毎日UniLinkアプリを起動することが分かっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L13",null,{"clientImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_zIDIkaPXnBMDDvQyF8WfRVzsO9y1.jpg?alt=media&token=80822884-172a-4f2a-a283-32f33f622bd2","clientUserName":"めいるん📚","infoString":"高3 長野県 京都大学医学部(68)志望","adviceId":"Me7DHiTRVQJVrtD4XeJ3"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap","children":[["$","div","consultation-part-0",{"children":[null,"京医志望の高３です。質問失礼致します。\n\n\n最近の学校の授業では、大学入試の長文や英作文に触れています。\nそこで、今まで見たことのなかった単語や言い回しが多数出てきました。\n\n未知の単語に出会った場合、それが単語帳には載っていないが覚える必要のあるものであれば、単語帳に書き加えているのですが、\n未知の慣用句や独特な言い回しをどのようにまとめようか迷っています。\n\n手っ取り早く、同じ単語帳にまとめるのが良いでしょうか？入試前に一通り見直せるようなものがよいです。\nまとめる時間がもったいない！ということであれば、京医対策の一環としてこの参考書がオススメです、のようなアドバイスをいただければ幸いです。\n\n\n少々へんてこな質問ではありますが、ご回答よろしくお願い致します。"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L14",null,{}]}]]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L15",null,{"adviserImageUrl":null,"adviserName":"るな","adviserDepartment":"京都大学農学部","adviceId":"Me7DHiTRVQJVrtD4XeJ3"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"すべての回答者は、学生証などを使用してUniLinkによって審査された東大・京大・慶應・早稲田・一橋・東工大・旧帝大のいずれかに所属する現役難関大生です。加えて、実際の回答をUniLinkが確認して一定の水準をクリアした合格者だけが登録できる仕組みとなっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap","children":[["$","div","advice-part-0",{"children":[null,"こんにちは。京都大学農学部の者です。\n京大の英語ではしばしば普通の単語帳には出ていないがよく出てくるという表現があるので、同じ単語帳にまとめて覚えてしまうのがいいのではないかと思います。\n\n京医対策になるかはわかりませんが、京大英語の語彙の対策になるのは、学部一回生に対して配られる京大英単語データベース(名前正しいかわからないですがたぶんこんな感じです)です。\n普通の単語帳には載っていないが京大ではよく出てくるといった単語がかなりの数載っています。\n\nただもし今使っている単語帳が完璧でないのならそちらを優先するのがいいかと思います。"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://ck.jp.ap.valuecommerce.com/servlet/referral?sid=3364577&pid=884970531&vc_url=http%3A%2F%2Fshingakunet.com%2F%3Fvos%3Dnrmnvccp0000100","rel":"nofollow","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/document_request_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink パンフレットバナー画像","className":"mt-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L16",null,{"id":"adsbygoogle-init-under-advice"}]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between","children":[["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold","children":["コメント(",1,")"]}],["$","$L17",null,{"adviceId":"Me7DHiTRVQJVrtD4XeJ3"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"divide-y","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mr-2","children":["$","$L18",null,{"avatarUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_zIDIkaPXnBMDDvQyF8WfRVzsO9y1.jpg?alt=media&token=80822884-172a-4f2a-a283-32f33f622bd2","contributorName":"めい📖","adviceId":"Me7DHiTRVQJVrtD4XeJ3"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-2","children":["$","$L19",null,{"contributorName":"めい📖","adviceId":"Me7DHiTRVQJVrtD4XeJ3"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption","children":"4/21 20:04"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap","children":"ありがとうございます。\n京大英単語データベース、検索したらヒットしましたが、初めて聞きました。参考にさせていただきます！"}]]}]]}]]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold","children":"よく一緒に読まれている人気の回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"divide-y","children":[["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"/advice/Me7DHiTRVQJVrtD4XeJ3","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"flex items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"初見の表現はどこにまとめる？"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは。京都大学農学部の者です。\n京大の英語ではしばしば普通の単語帳には出ていないがよく出てくるという表現があるので、同じ単語帳にまとめて覚えてしまうのがいいのではないかと思います。\n\n京医対策になるかはわかりませんが、京大英語の語彙の対策になるのは、学部一回生に対して配られる京大英単語データベース(名前正しいかわからないですがたぶんこんな感じです)です。\n普通の単語帳には載っていないが京大ではよく出てくるといった単語がかなりの数載っています。\n\nただもし今使っている単語帳が完璧でないのならそちらを優先するのがいいかと思います。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"慶應経済に受かった方回答よろしくお願いします🙇‍♂️"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんばんは、出来る限り質問にお答えします。\n\nまず、熟語に関してですが参考書を用意する必要はありません。「熟語をなるべく多く覚える」というのは、正直に申しますと、コストパフォーマンスが悪いです。更に、友人の中には英検一級を所持していながらも思うように英語で得点ができない人もいました。原因は「熟語の問題の選択肢が似通っている」からです。本文の空所補充などの問題で、最後に2択までは絞れますが、「どっちもあてはまる」というオチは割とあります。\nそれよりも、数学の苦手を克服するべきでしょう。A方式では、数学が得点できないと、まず合格できません。私が受験した時にも、数学の試験が終わり、小論文を受けずに帰る人が何人もいました。\n\n単語帳についてですが、私の場合は一冊も使いませんでした（塾の方針）。過去問や、日々の演習などを通してわからない単語を調べる。その後、取り組んだ問題を音読を繰り返すことで、文章ごと覚えるようにする。\nこれを繰り返せば、単語帳要りません。しかし、だからといってこれまでにあなたが覚えた単語が無駄になることはありません。これから勉強していくなかで、「調べる手間」がないのですから、私の受験期よりもはるかに効率の良い勉強ができるはずです。\n\n最後に、慶應経済の英語は割と同じ単語が何年か続いて出てきます。過去問をやっていても、2、3年連続して、同じような単語が出てくることはよくありました。\nまた、数学の苦手は夏までに克服しましょう。過去問をなるべく早くから取り組み、免疫をつけ、冬には過去問でない参考書や、他大の入試などを用いて演習をし、直前期には直近2年程度の数学を真剣に取り組む。これで十分です。\n例えば、大学への数学などの問題集から6問抜粋して、毎朝1時間で解く（私の実践した方法）などをすれば、時間が足らないと言われる数学の試験も十分に戦えます。\n\nこれで本当に最後に。\n今、本気で「現役慶應経済」を目指すのであれば、今の志望校を「東大、京大」にでもしておくべきです。それと、高校の偏差値ほど、どうでもいいものはありません。私のクラスには通信制の学校に通ってた人や、家から近いからという理由で偏差値50の高校に通っていた人がいます。彼らに比べたら、あなたはきっと恵まれていますよ。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"早慶の英語の単語がほとんど知ってる状態になるには"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"レベル感、心境合わせて以下の感じでした。\n\nレベル感:\n単語帳、熟語帳のどちらも完璧にすれば長文で困ることはない。東大レベルと言われる単語も積極的に覚えていて、たまにその知識が生かされることもあった。\n正直この単語帳やれば全部早慶無双できるという感じでではなかったが、語幹が似ている単語を学ぶことで知らない単語でもある程度意味を推測することができた。\n\n心境:\nこれくらい単語帳でわからないところは潰したのだから、もし知らない単語出てきたら、それは文脈で理解する、としていました。もちろん、解答をチェックした後は、自分の単語帳に追加して覚えます。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 4-4-1.79-4-4-4zm0 10c-2.67 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"京大の数国の27カ年や黄色系本はやらない方がいいと言われるのですが"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"私自身、京大文系数学の実力は27か年の赤本で大きく伸びたと感じています。確かに、過去問の中には平均的な京大の受験生では解くことのできない難問が含まれていることもありますが、多くは反復練習によって培われる基礎力を応用することで対応できる良問です。27か年の問題を初めから全問題解くことができる受験生はほとんどいないと思います。やり方としては、ある程度数学の実力がついた時点で解き始め、わからなかった問題、途中まではわかった問題、完答できた問題などに分けて、印をつけて周回する方法がおすすめです。周回するにつれてやる問題を徐々に減らしていけば、効率も上がり実力がついてくると思います。注意すべきは、実力がついていないのにこれを始めてしまうと、挫折してしまい、途中で解き進める手が止まってしまうことです。解き始める目安としては、河合のテキストをある程度解答を見ずに解けるようになる段階だと思います。私も河合塾生だったので、目安はこの程度だと思いますが、人それぞれなので、ご自分の実力に合わせて進めれば良いと思います。ちなみにプラチカで得意分野はスラスラと解けるという状態であれば、その分野は充分だと思います。ただ、その分野だけを進めるのはおすすめしませんが。\n古文奪取については、古文の記述の得意不得意に合わせれば良いと思います。私はちょうどこの時期くらいに得点奪取古文を購入したと記憶していますが、結局センター(現共通テスト)前は実力がついておらずあまり進まず、本格的にやったのはセンター後でした。共通テストで古文の実力がつくこともあるので、これについてもある程度古文の実力がついたと思う時点で始めれば良いと思います。私は共通テスト後でも間に合いました。共通テスト後は１ヶ月しかないように見えて、実は１ヶ月もあります。京大の古文の記述問題は、難しいとは言っても、そこまで複雑な問題は出ていないと思われるのて、記述に慣れることももちろん大切ですが、基本的な助動詞の意味や、古文常識を固めるのが1番有効かと思います。\n今1番大変な時期かと思いますが、がんばって下さい。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"とにかく英語ができない"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"合格英単語というのがどのようなものか分からないですが、とにかく単語は直前期までずっと続けた方がいいです。一回覚えた！と思っても他に毎日覚えることが多いのでどんどん忘れていってしまいます。出来るだけ毎日目を通すようにしましょう。ちなみに私はシステム英単語という単語帳を使っていました。この単語帳は載っている単語を使った短い例文がついており、例文を覚えると使い方がわかって良かったです。\n文法は単元ごとに解くと出来る、というのはこの単元だからこれを使うんだろう、とわかってしまっていることが原因だと思います。なので、使う文法がランダムになっている問題集を使用して勉強するといいと思います。解説がしっかりしているものを選んでください。文の意味を取れるようにするのには基礎英文解釈の技術70か100をやるのがおすすめです。一つ一つSVOCをつけて英文解釈をしていけば段々意味も取れるようになっていくと思います。\nあとは慣れですね、模試は緊張してしまいますが、模試と同じ時間で真剣に解く、など緊張しなくなるように何か工夫をした方がいいと思います。そして模試の復習をたくさんしてください！模試は最良の問題集です！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"単語帳はどれがいいか"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは。英単語の単語帳選択でお悩みなのですね。\n\n私の意見としては、今までの1900を覚えきるだけで十分だと思います。理由は2つあります。\n\n1つは、\n単語帳を作る側の人間としては、わざわざ受験に足りないようなものは作らない（売れない）からです。\n\n1900が受験に出てくる全単語を網羅しきれるわけではないですが、文章を理解して問題を解く分には問題ないということだと言えます。\n\n私は1900はおろか、2-300程度で放り投げてしまった気がしますが、それでも英語にそこまで苦労はしませんでした。\nどちらかというと文章のどこに鍵があるか、どれだけ読む分量少なくして文章の理解をするか、といった部分に重きを置いており、それで十分対応できていたように思います。もちろん単語を知っていたらそれはとてもいいことですが。\n\nただ、私は京大の二次の英語までは知らないので、その辺りは実際の合格者や受験者の方の意見の方が確かかと思います。\n\n2つ目は、時期や内容に問題があるからです。\n今新たに単語帳を買っても、1900とダブる単語は多いでしょう。もちろんやっていれば復習になりますが...。だったら1900をきちんと覚えきるので十分なのではないかと感じます。\n\nまたこれから新しく単語を覚えるのと、他の教科の演習、どちらにリソースを割くかも重要です。\n\nこんな言葉があります。成果の80%は20%のコストで得られ、残り20%を伸ばしきるには80%のコストを要する。\n1900は出やすい単語のランキングであり、これを覚えることは入試で出やすい英語の多くを押さえる、つまりとても効率の良い勉強になります。\nしかしこの先更なる単語を覚えても、出る・使う可能性は低く、効率の悪い勉強と言えます。\n同じ時間を使うなら、もっと苦手な教科の演習をしたり、という時間の使い方もあるのかなと思います。\n\n少しは参考になったでしょうか？\n京大の方に意見を聞いてみたいところですね。\n\nお役に立てていれば幸いです。\nそれでは、残りの時間、良き勉強を進められることを祈っております。\n\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"市販の単語帳は使うなと先生に言われた"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"まずは先生の言っていることは間違いではありません\nただ、同時に限られた時間で大学受験を突破するための勉強法としては間違いです\n英英辞書などで単語を引くのは間違いなく勉強になりますが、これほど労力をかけて勉強するのは大学に入ってからやれば良い話です\n\nそして、先生の意見としてまず内容が被ると言っていますが、頻出、必要な単語をまとめたら被るのは必然であり寧ろ、丁寧な分析がどの単語帳でもなされている裏付けとも言えます そして網羅されてないとありますが、必要な部分は十分に網羅されています 大学受験は英語以外もやることはあるので、間違いなく大学受験における必要最低限の単語を抑えるのが一番です\n単語帳は色々ありますが実際に見て、自分が使いやすいものを購入すると良いと思います\n\n私はターゲット1900と速単上級編の2冊を使用していました 他にはシス単やstock4500などはオススメです"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 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