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1a:Tefa,はじめまして。
古文はよく｢単語が命！｣と聞きますが、それは違います。英単語もそうですが、古文単語は基本多義的なので意味を確定するのは文脈なります。文脈を理解するために単語を勉強しろと言っておいて、その単語の意味を決定するのは文脈になる、完全な循環論法で破綻しています。

古文において文脈を決定する、正確には私たちが初見で読む文脈の手がかりにするのは、敬語と助動詞です。古文の敬語には敬意のレベルによって方向があってそれで主語が決まります。助動詞は主語に対する述語のニュアンスを確定します。なので古文が読めるあるいは解けるようになるには敬語と助動詞を勉強すればいいと思います。
Gordonさんはどうでしょうか？もしかするとただ単語をひたすら覚えるという勉強をしているのかも知れません。試しに敬語と助動詞をひと通り勉強してから解いてみてください。多分見えたが大きく変わるはずです。たとえ合わないとしても、敬語と助動詞は試験で聞かれるので無駄にはなりません。
具体的な勉強方法としては、敬語は意味ももちろん大切ですが、上述したように敬意の方向が大切です。尊敬語、謙譲語、丁寧語、絶対敬語、自尊敬語、二重敬語、ぱっと上げるだけでもこれだけあります。それぞれの敬語がどれに当たるのか分類しながら覚えると効果的です。助動詞は一覧表が大抵の古文単語に掲載されています。ひと通り覚えましょう。活用のタイプで覚えたら楽です。現在日本語とは活用が少し違いますが似てる部分も多いので。そして識別までやりましょう。助動詞は識別ができて初めて役立ちます。
おすすめの参考書を紹介します。西村雪野先生の｢解放古文単語350｣です。名前の通り古文単語帳ですが、単語の意味が本質的なニュアンスまで載っています。初めに単語の意味は文脈で決まると言いました。じゃあ単語自体に意味は無いのかというとそういう訳ではなくて、単語が持っているのはニュアンスまでです。それを言語化できるまで確定するのが文脈です。この単語帳はそのニュアンスから乗っているので覚えやすいです。数年前にセンター試験で、単語帳赤い文字で書いてある意味で間違いの選択肢を作り大抵の単語帳には載ってない意味が正解の選択肢が用意されたことがあります。単語の意味の丸暗記はやめろというセンターからの意図を感じました。私も個人的に同感です。また敬語も種類ごとに分類されており、何より主語の確定の仕方も詳しく載っています。助動詞の一覧表はもちろん、識別の仕方も記載されています。さらに古文常識もコラムとして記載されており、文脈把握に役立つ知識がまとめられています。つまりかなり試験に役立つ知識が充実している便利な単語帳という訳です。しかもそこまで高価ではないです。ここまで書いておいてあれですが決してステマでは無いので、書店で実際に手に取って見てみてから検討してください。おすすめです。

色々書きましたが、合う合わないはあると思うので自分なりに納得できるふうにアレンジしながらやってみてください。
このご時世で色々大変だとは思いますが、頑張ってください！2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=Fyg5lJQveJIdd8BV","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"古文の文について"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",1,") コメント(",0,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"6/22 15:23"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark 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は使役の意味で使われています。これは大臣が人に物事させるという文脈であるからです。つまりどの助動詞も基本的には文脈を考えなければならないということです。"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L16",null,{"adviserImageUrl":null,"adviserName":"のーしょ","adviserDepartment":"早稲田大学政治経済学部","adviceId":"Fyg5lJQveJIdd8BV","numberOfFan":75,"clipsAvg":9.095652173913043,"adviceRateAvg":4.277777777777778,"profile":"経済学科"}]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://ck.jp.ap.valuecommerce.com/servlet/referral?sid=3364577&pid=884970531&vc_url=http%3A%2F%2Fshingakunet.com%2F%3Fvos%3Dnrmnvccp0000100","rel":"nofollow","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/document_request_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink パンフレットバナー画像","className":"mt-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L17",null,{"id":"adsbygoogle-init-under-advice"}]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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mb-1","children":"原則として、偉い人には敬語がつくものです。\nただし、平安時代の身分制度上、天皇を最上位とするのは絶対でも、その他の貴族には敬語がつかない場合があります。\n\n例えば、上達部や公卿、太政大臣などという言葉を聞いて、どの位がどれくらい偉い地位なのかピンときますか？\nこれらの細かい差によって、敬語の有無は判断されます。\n\n部長と課長が社長に敬語を使うのは当たり前だけど、部長は課長に敬語を使いませんよね。\n(伝わるかな？)\n\nつまり、平安時代における役職の地位について知識を得る必要があります。\nこれはいわゆる「古典常識」というジャンルの勉強です。\nイラストがついていて分かりやすいものが書店に並んでいると思うので、気にいる物を1冊買って頭に入れてください。\n頑張って＼＼\\٩(๑`^´๑)۶//／／"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 4-4-1.79-4-4-4zm0 10c-2.67 0-8 1.34-8 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"主語は分かるけど…"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"　こんにちは😃東大生の森Lです。古文の、人物関係省略厄介ですよね。しかし、そんな主語や目的語省略も、あるルールを理解しておけばオッケーです。一つは、敬語です。謙譲語や尊敬語、丁寧語などの基礎はオッケーでしょうか？もし、それらの基礎が不十分ならば、どんどん読解して、敬語が誰から誰に伝わっているのかチェックして慣れましょう。二つ目は、古文常識です。例えば、いざる、という動作がありますが、この動作は女性だけが行なっていましたし、琴を弾くのは女性、笛を吹くのは男性でした。それらのシンプルな古文常識を学習するだけで、グッと人物関係がわかります。また、リード文を侮ってはいけません。リード文を整理すると、本文のわからない単語などがわかることがあります。\n　最後に頑張ってください‼︎応援しています‼︎"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"敬語が苦手"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"そうですね、まずは尊敬語謙譲語丁寧語を見分けられるようにならないと難しいですね。。\n\nよく古文の参考書に、この3つを書いた表のようなものがあると思うのですが（例えば、見る、聞くの3種類）、それを自分でノートに書けるようになるまで練習するのが効果的だと思います。\n\nあとその次にやることとしては、いわゆる品詞分解ですね。学校で読んでる古文の長文に、尊敬語謙譲語丁寧語が出てきたと思ったら、それは原形ではなく助詞と合わさっている場合が多いです。\n\n例えば、\n召し上がれし賜ひもの\nだったら、\n召し上がれ/し/賜ひもの\n\nとなり、しは過去を表します。また、召し上がれは召し上がるの連用形です。\n過去の前は連用形という決まりがあるからです。\n\n他には、尊敬語と謙譲語がくっついてる場合もあります。代表例が〜給ふです。\nこれに関しても、模試などで度々見かけると思うのでまずは文法書でどのような〜給ふが出るのかを練習しておいて、模試や授業の長文で品詞分解するのがいいと思います。\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"古文の主体客体が分からない泣"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":" うぉるらすと申します。\n まず、敬語は習得していますか？ 文法をよく勉強されているとのことだったので敬語は大丈夫だと思いますが、話者・登場人物相互の敬語で表示される関係によって、主語が把握できることは一応確認しておきます。\n\n 加えて、古典常識については勉強しましたか。古文で出題される作品は大体が1000年近く前のものであり、同じ日本人とはいえ、当時の人々の価値観・習慣・暮らしなどは私たちとは大きく異なっています。同じような出来事に対しても、彼らがとる反応は私たちと異なる場合が多くあります。そうした違いを古典常識を通じて学ぶことで、身分や家柄と関連させながら、登場人物がどのような行動をとるかが明確になります。\n\nまとめると、敬語と古典常識の2点を確認してください。参考になれば幸いです。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"古文 センス "}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"はじめまして、回答失礼します🙇‍♀️\n\n私は現代文は95%センスで解くものと思いますが、古文はセンスではなく機械的に解くものだと思っています！また、色んなパターンを考えることが出来る力は古文だけでなく他教科でも重要になりますので、大切にしてください✨\n\n主語は古文を読む上で非常に重要です。\nもう一度習ったことを復習してみてください。当てはめれば、必ず解けるはずです。（それで解けない問題は捨て問なので気にする必要はありません）\n\n以下、簡単なポイントです。\n参考までに。\n\n①出典の確認\n古文を読む上で最初に見るべきは『出典』です。\n物語なのか、日記なのか、確認しましょう。\n物語であれば、書いてない主語は主人公\n日記であれば、書いてない主語は筆者\nの可能性が高くなります。\n\nまた、古文は問題文の前に大まかなあらすじや、その分に至る流れが書いてあることが多いので、ここは確実にチェックするようにしてください💪\n\n※出典が有名作品である場合、主人公と周囲の関係性やあらすじなどが書いていない可能性があります。古文常識になりますので、有名作品は大体の流れと重要人物の関係性を知っておきましょう。\n\n②登場人物の確認\n古文において、新たな登場人物が守護になる場合は必ず明記されます。つまり書いてない主語はほぼ必ずそこまでに登場している人物です。\n私は登場人物が出てくると、A、B、Cなど隣に書いて、書いてない主語を考えるときに整理しやすくしていました。\n\nまた、主語の決まりとして『(人物名)、〜』となっている文は、その人物が主語になりますね。他にも『を、に、ば、が』などの助詞では主語の転換があります。ここでは主体→客体へと転換することが多いので、その文で主語が誰に対して動作しているのか考えましょう。\n\n③敬語\n質問者様は単語文法は分かっているとのことですので、敬語も大丈夫だと思います。敬語で相手を見分けられることが多いので、主体、客体など確認する助けにしましょう！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"主語の特定ができません"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"慶應の経済学部の者です。\n\n古文はレベルが上がるにつれて主語の特定が難しくなっていきます。しかし、レベルが上がれば、それに相応しい主語の特定の仕方があるのです。\nそれは『敬意の流れを意識すること』\n偉い人がいっぱい出てくる源氏物語でも、この方法は十分効果を発揮します。\nまず敬語の敬意の流れはきっちり理解していますね？\n尊敬語は動作主へ、謙譲語は動作の対象者に対して敬意がながれますよね。\nあとはどの単語が尊敬語か謙譲語か丁寧語かをしっかり識別できるようにする必要があります。これはもう覚えて慣れる他ありません。\n敬意の流れを意識して読むだけで見え方が全然違ってくると思います。\n是非意識して読んでみてください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"基本事項は抑えてるのに主語が追えない"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは！古文で主語はほんとに大事です！源氏物語とかはほんと難しいですよね…。\n\nまず、本文の前にあらすじがのってたら誰が出てくるか押さえながらしっかり読みましょう。\n\n尊敬語と謙譲語は結構使えますよ。単純に言えば尊敬語が使われている人が身分の高い人なのですが、誰から見て目上の人なのか(筆者からなのか他の登場人物からなのかなど)を意識しましょう。謙譲語が使われてる際も、謙譲語を使っている人は誰に敬意を払っているのか意識すると良いです。\n\n助詞の を、に、が、ど、ば が出て来たら注意してください。主語が変わるかもしれないです。\n\nわかりにくい文章だったら、だれの行為か文章に書くのも良いです。\n\nあとは演習を重ねましょう。慣れが大事だったりします。\n\n頑張ってください！！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 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