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1b:T1b1e,【和訳問題に挑戦しよう】
解説付きなので長くなります。


基礎事項は入っていると思うので、自力で文全体の骨格取る練習が足りないと感じました。下の例題の解説しながら、和訳において重要なポイントを示していきます。一度解いてから読み、自分の問題点の診断に使ってください。難しい単語・熟語はありません。

【例題】
The great development of electrical signaling devices and the vast improvements which have taken place during the past century in the means of transportation have reduced to comparative insignificance the time element in communication.
















※解説には個人的なやり方も含まれています。

①「キーとなるもの」を丸や四角で囲む
「接続詞」「関係代名詞」「that」その他キーとなる文法表現(so〜that, not only〜but also〜など)を丸や四角で囲みます。
今回の場合は「and」「which」

②「不要なもの」をカッコで囲む
副詞節など、骨格のSVOCとは関係ないものをカッコで囲みます。
今回の場合は「during the past century」「in the means of transportation」「in communication」

③核となるVを探す
SVOCの中で、圧倒的に大事なのはV。ここが分かれば、主語が明確になります。
今回の場合は「have reduce」で、それより前は全部Sと分かります。

④「and」は何と何を繋いでいる？
「andを制する者は英語を制する」と言っても過言ではないほど「and」は重要です。和訳は特に。簡単な単語なので蔑ろにしがちですが、「and」に関して理解出来ていない人が多いです。
「and」「or」などの等位接続詞は、「等位」ですから、繋いでいる2つのものは「対等」で「品詞同一」「類似形」といった特徴があります。
今回の場合は「the great development」と「the vast improvements」なので、その部分に波線を引きます。「類似形」なので読まなくても分かります。さらにその後の「of〜」「which〜」の修飾の仕方もすごく似てると思いませんか？

⑤「which」はなんの代名詞？
色々考えてしまったかもしれませんが、「and」をしっかり理解していれば迷う余地がないです。「the vast improvements」の代名詞です。

⑥「S have reduced to」の後。何が減ったの？
不自然な「the」に違和感を感じてほしいです。
「comparative insignificance」が「the time element」を修飾していると思ったかもしれませんが、それなら「the」は「comparative insignificance」の前につけるべき。
それ以前に「insignificance」が名詞だと分かっていれば、すぐ違和感に気づけるはずです。
和訳が苦手な人の多くは「品詞」が分かっていない人が多いと思います。それが形容詞なのか、副詞なのか、名詞なのか。
「S have reduced to O1 O2」とすれば、「toのイメージは矢印」なので「O1に減った」となるが、O2が余って訳せません。ここで倒置だと気づける。元の形は「S have reduced O2 to O1」で、O2の部分が長かったため、文末に移動したと考えられます。訳は「SはO2をO1に減らしてきた」となります。
O2が長くて倒置が起こったので、「in communication」もO2に含まれると予測できます。自信がなければ文脈的で判断。
また、今回は簡単ですが「signal/ing」「compar/ative」「in/significance」などと単語を分けて意味を取る練習も大事です。

⑦文構造を取れたら、直訳してみる
The great development of electrical signaling devices and the vast improvements which have taken place during the past century in the means of transportation have reduced to comparative insignificance the time element in communication.

【直訳】
電気的な信号を送る装置の大きな発達と、輸送手段の前世紀の間に起こってきた幅広い進歩が、意思疎通における時間要素を比較的重要でないものに減らしてきた。

難しい所は「during the past century」の訳ではないでしょうか。「過去の世紀の間」という風に訳したくなりますが、「century」が単数形であることからこの訳は不適切で、これは「過去一世紀の間」のみを指していることが分かります。ここで詰まったのなら、単複を意識するようにしましょう。
この直訳の時点でほぼ満点もらえますが、ちゃんと意味が通っているかどうか確認します。
「電話やメールなどを送るためのデバイスやその伝達手段が発達したことで、遠くの人とのコミュニケーション取るのに時間がかからなくなった」ということが読み取れます。
また今回は「in communication」は「the time element」のみに修飾させて訳しましたが、文全体に修飾させて、「意思疎通において時間要素を比較的重要でないものに減らしてきた」と訳しても問題ないことが分かります。
まだ日本語的に不自然なポイントがあるので改良していきます。
違和感があるポイントは2つ。無生物主語と「減らしてきた」という訳です。

⑧自然な日本語に
【解答】
電気信号を送る装置の飛躍的な発達と、前世紀に進んできた輸送手段の幅広い進歩によって、意思疎通における時間という要素が比較的重要でなくなってきた。

無生物主語は「〜によって」に変えます。「have reduced O2 to O1」の訳は、「時間の重要性が減ってきた」という意味だと取れるので、上の訳のように書けると思います。

ここからさらに意訳をする人がいますが、意訳するときは日本語を自然にするために最低限するのみで、骨格を大きく変えてはいけません。意訳のやりすぎは完璧に内容が合っていれば満点もらえますが、ちょっとでも勘違いがあればバツになります。適切な意訳の仕方は先程の「have reduced O2 to O1」の訳で示した通りです。

答案用紙は採点者に「私はこの文構造・単語の意味・内容がきちんと分かってますよ！」というアピールする場ですから、それを伝えられるように訳すことを意識して下さい。



この問題を通して、自分の足りない部分を理解できれば幸いです。１つ１つの問題をこのレベルで深く理解するようにして下さい。

長くなりましたが、以上です。
お疲れ様でした。1d:T13f0,　以下、ご提示いただいた例をもとに考えてみます。もっとも、私はプロではない（むしろド素人です）ので、以下に書いたことが正しい保証は一切ありません。あくまで、思考過程の参考として、お読みいただけると幸いです。
１．思考過程の一例
　まず、問題文を要素ごとに分解します。ここでは、「日本は救急車がよく行き来している」という部分を、①「日本は」、②「救急車がよく行き来している」、の二つに分けてみます。
　①に関して、日本の特徴・状況についての情報を本文中に探します。㋐「アメリカに比べて保険料が安い」ことと、㋑「救急車も呼んで運んでもらうのは公共サービスの一部だ」ということが挙げられています。㋐については、医療保険は、保険機関に一定の金額（保険料）を納付すれば、思わぬ病気やけがで入院したり手術を受けたりした場合に、その医療費の一部を賄ってもらえるという制度です。なので、「アメリカに比べて保険料が安い」ということは、すなわち、アメリカに比べ、日本では医療サービスを利用する経済的なハードルが低いということを意味します。㋑については、公共サービスの例として、電車やバスなどの公共交通機関などが思い浮かぶと思います。これらは、言い換えれば誰でも利用できるサービスです。なので、日本では「救急車も呼んで運んでもらうのは公共サービスの一部だ」ということは、すなわち、日本では、誰でも救急車で治療を受けながら病院まで運んでもらえるサービスを利用できるということを意味します。
　次に②について、「救急車がよく行き来している」ということは、人々によって救急車が頻繁に利用されているということです。サービスを利用できる人数が多ければ多いほど、利用者数と出動頻度は当然高くなるでしょう。なので、上記㋑と②の間には因果関係があると言えそうです。とはいえ、誰でも利用できるといっても、それに伴って支払うべき料金が高ければ、実質的な利用可能人数は限られます。しかしこの場合の支払うべき料金とは、すなわち医療費です。上記㋐で見たように、日本では保険料が安く、したがって医療サービスを受ける経済的なハードルは低いわけですから、救急車を利用することの経済的ハードルも当然低いことが考えられましょう。よって、㋐と②にも因果関係が認められるとして良さそうです。
（ちなみに、日本では救急車の利用は原則無料ですが、何やら最近一定の場合の有料化の動向も見受けられるみたいですね。軽く調べた限りではありますが。）
　したがって、以上の思考過程をまとめて解答を構成するならば、「日本では、誰でも救急車を呼んで病院まで運んでもらうサービスを利用できるうえ、保険料が安く、医療サービスを利用する経済的なハードルも低いから」といった感じになります。もっとも、制限字数の多寡によっては、より端的に書いたり、または本文の内容を離れない限度で肉付けして詳細な解答を書いたりして、自分で調整する必要はあるでしょうが。
２．日々の学習
　ご提示いただいた例では、非常に簡潔な文章なのでまだやりやすいですが、現代文や英語リーディングなど、読む文章が長文になるほど、解答の要素となる部分を本文中のどこに見出すかの判断は難しくなると思います。とくに、現代文では一個の主張を言い換えを駆使して何度も読者に訴えてくるので、同じ内容をもつ文章が多いです。日々の問題演習では、自分が目をつけたところと、解答解説で目がつけられているところを見比べて、それが一致しない場合には、なぜ解答解説ではそこに目がつけられているのか、なぜそこに目をつける方が適切なのかを考えるということを心がければ、解答の精度も次第に上がっていくと思います。
３．最後に
　文章は理解できるけど点が取れないという状況には私も（とくに現代文で）よく悩んだ経験があり、相談者様の苦悩はよくわかる気がします。ですが、そんな私でも、二次試験では、高校時代いちばん足を引っ張っていた国語の点数が一番高かったので、ちゃんと克服はできます。ですから、不安やもどかしさを感じることも多々あるでしょうが、辛抱強く勉強を続けてください。2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=9lICHYABTqPwDZPu72IA","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"over, either, but also, whicheverの使い分け方がわかりません"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",3,") コメント(",2,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"4/12 18:02"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"UniLink利用者の80%以上は、難関大学を志望する受験生です。これまでのデータから、偏差値の高いユーザーほど毎日UniLinkアプリを起動することが分かっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L13",null,{"clientImageUrl":null,"clientUserName":"あああ","infoString":"高2 神奈川県 防衛大学校学部組織なし(56)志望","adviceId":"9lICHYABTqPwDZPu72IA"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap","children":[["$","div","consultation-part-0",{"children":[null,"Travelling by train is safer than any other mode of travel (      ) short or long distances.\nこの空欄の選択肢が　over, either, but also, whicheverなんですがどれが正解でなぜそうなるのか教えていただけるとありがたいです"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L14",null,{}]}],null]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L15",null,{"adviserImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_9B925ECFBA294DC78B0EFDBC45F2B70D.jpg?alt=media&token=82556e5d-5f6d-4fa4-94cc-183f1f07fb85","adviserName":"TR_","adviserDepartment":"早稲田大学商学部","adviceId":"9lICHYABTqPwDZPu72IA"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark mb-4","children":"すべての回答者は、学生証などを使用してUniLinkによって審査された東大・京大・慶應・早稲田・一橋・東工大・旧帝大のいずれかに所属する現役難関大生です。加えて、実際の回答をUniLinkが確認して一定の水準をクリアした合格者だけが登録できる仕組みとなっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose whitespace-pre-wrap mb-4","children":[["$","div","advice-part-0",{"children":[null,"こんにちは！\n\nOrが後ろにあるのでeither（どちらでも）というのが正解だと思います！\n訳:電車で旅行することは長い距離にしろ、短い距離にしろ他の旅行手段よりも安全である。"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-4","children":["$","$L16",null,{"adviserImageUrl":"https://firebasestorage.googleapis.com/v0/b/unilink-48e75.appspot.com/o/images%2Fs_9B925ECFBA294DC78B0EFDBC45F2B70D.jpg?alt=media&token=82556e5d-5f6d-4fa4-94cc-183f1f07fb85","adviserName":"TR_","adviserDepartment":"早稲田大学商学部","adviceId":"9lICHYABTqPwDZPu72IA","numberOfFan":545,"clipsAvg":12.147619047619047,"adviceRateAvg":4.649112598196101,"profile":"早稲田大学商学部に現役で合格しました！\nいつでもメッセージいただければ24時間以内に必ずご返信いたします！\nまた、回答が少しでも役に立ちましたらクリップしてくれると励みになります🙏🙇‍♂️\n\n以下持っている資格、点数です。\n英検準一級、TOEIC960"}]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://ck.jp.ap.valuecommerce.com/servlet/referral?sid=3364577&pid=884970531&vc_url=http%3A%2F%2Fshingakunet.com%2F%3Fvos%3Dnrmnvccp0000100","rel":"nofollow","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/document_request_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink パンフレットバナー画像","className":"mt-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"pt-4","children":["$","$L17",null,{"id":"adsbygoogle-init-under-advice"}]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between","children":[["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold","children":["コメント(",2,")"]}],["$","$L18",null,{"adviceId":"9lICHYABTqPwDZPu72IA"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"divide-y","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mr-2","children":["$","$L19",null,{"avatarUrl":null,"contributorName":"あああ","adviceId":"9lICHYABTqPwDZPu72IA"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-2","children":["$","$L1a",null,{"contributorName":"あああ","adviceId":"9lICHYABTqPwDZPu72IA"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption","children":"4/30 8:02"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap","children":"otherだと思ったんですが正解はeverだそうです…英語とは難しいですね…\n返答ありがとうございます‼︎"}]]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mr-2","children":["$","$L19",null,{"avatarUrl":null,"contributorName":"あああ","adviceId":"9lICHYABTqPwDZPu72IA"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-2","children":["$","$L1a",null,{"contributorName":"あああ","adviceId":"9lICHYABTqPwDZPu72IA"}]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption","children":"4/30 8:02"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs whitespace-pre-wrap","children":"everじゃなくてoverですね"}]]}]]}]]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold","children":"よく一緒に読まれている人気の回答"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"divide-y","children":[["$","div",null,{"children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"/advice/lQaeQGT5QbmtmDISDC6f","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"flex items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英文解釈の精度について"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"はじめまして。\n\nまず、英文解釈についてですが、相談者さんの解釈も正解です。\n\n次に、自分の解釈と解答の解釈が異なるとき、私は学校の先生に質問に行っていました。質問を重ねるうちに、これは正解でこれは間違い、ということがだんだんと分かるようになって来た記憶があります。また、自分の解釈と解答の解釈が同じかどうかよりも、自分の解釈を論理的に説明できること、解答の解釈を読んで理解できることが大切だと思います。\n相談者さんの説明はきちんと論理的にできているので、問題ありません。\n\n最後に、私は英文解釈の練習としては「ポレポレ」を3周、「英文解釈の透視図」を1周やりました。個人的には、ポレポレは問題の難易度、解説、問題数がちょうどいいと感じました。ただし、相談者さんは今高3ということなので、新しい本に取り組むのももちろんいいですが、同じ本を繰り返し解くのもおすすめです。\n\n応援しています！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"電車時間の活用方法"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは！現在東北大に通うものです。私自身も高校時代、通学に片道1時間ほどかかっていたので、学校の近くに住んでいる人が羨ましくて仕方なかったです。電車の中での時間の活用に関してアドバイスできればと思いますので、少しでも参考になれば幸いです。\n\n　授業受けて、部活を頑張っていると電車の中でめちゃくちゃ眠くなりますよね。わかります。特にあの絶妙な揺れ具合っていうのでしょうかね笑笑\n\n　２つ提案させていただきます。\n\n　まず一つ目の提案としては、電車で睡眠時間を増やし、夜の睡眠時間を一部削って勉強するという方法です。僕は電車で寝てしまいがちだったので、逆にそこでしっかり睡眠をとってしまえばいいのではないかという発想になりました。電車で寝てしまった日は、夜の勉強時間を増やしていました。どっちみち電車で100パーセントの効率のよい勉強はできませんからね。（ただ、家のお布団で寝るわけではないので、睡眠も100パーセントの質は求められないですけれど）\n　科学的にも睡眠は1日1回よりも分割した方がよいなんて言う説もありますしね。（ほんとかどうかはさておき）\n\n　2つ目の提案です。やはり電車は勉強したいと言うのであれば、おっしゃる通り、英単語を中心とした暗記をするのがベターだと思います。質問者さんは理系のようですので、英単語や、古文単語、地理用語、無機化学（イオンの色とか）、有機化学etc..\n　受験において、上記のように暗記が必要なジャンルは案外多いので、困らないと思います。通学遠距離勢は暗記ジャンルが無敵になりがちです。（暗記以外では、英語の長文を読んだりする日はありました）\n　ちなみに僕は無機化学で教科書参考書に載っているものでわからないものはなかったですし、英単語は鉄緑会の鉄壁とその上のレベルとされる単語王を全部覚えました。\n　そこまで暗記しろと言うつもりはありませんが、暗記するだけで点数があがるジャンルは存在しますから、頑張ると良いとおもいます。\n\n\n　こんな感じの提案でよろしいでしょうか。\n僕は、電車で暗記するつもりで、寝てしまった場合は家で勉強時間を増やすというスタイルをとっておりました。学校が近い人が羨ましくてしょうがないでしょうけれど、なんとか踏ん張って勉強を頑張ってください！！応援しております！！\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"疑問文の訳し方"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"m子さん、はじめまして！\n\n\nその参考書が言いたいことはおそらくですが、前から読みながら訳をする練習をしろ、ということかと思います。\nわざわざ全ての文を日本語に合わせて頭の中で訳をする必要はなくて、好きだリンゴが、というような形で読んでいくと、読む速度が上がるかなと思います。\n\n実際試験中なんかは長文をひと文ずつ構文なんかを解析して訳をする時間はないので、前から読みながら理解をする必要があります。\n\n\n私も英文を読む際は、m子さんが質問で書いてくださったようなことを頭の中でしていました。\nそうやってまずは語順は気にせずに前から日本語に変換して訳を理解していく練習をして、それが出来るようになったら次は前から日本語に変換せずに英語のまま理解できるように練習するとさらに読む速度が速くなります。\n\n具体的には、\nI like appleを「私は好きだリンゴが」としてまずは前から読めるように練習をし、最終的には日本語としてではなく、概念として英語のまま理解できるようになると良いのかなと思います。\n\n\n質問文の中の疑問文に関しては、構文を最初にしっかりと捉えた上で、いつも通り前から日本語訳をして、最終的にそれを疑問文として理解をすれば大丈夫です。\n\nきっちりと区切って疑問文をどこに入れるかを気にする必要はなくて、普通に訳して最後に疑問文として理解する形でいいと思います。\n\n\n\n長くなってしまいましたが、参考になれば幸いです☺️\n質問などがあれば、気軽にコメント欄で聞いてください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英文法の意味"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"英語は極めてルールに縛られた文法ありきの言語です。\nまた、自然に言語を身につけるいわゆる音による言語の理解は10歳までという説が有力です。一方、12才以降は文法によるアプローチの方が学習効率が良いとされます。\n\nまた、単語というものは文脈に依存します。\n\n以上より文法の学習は必須かと。\n\n\n長文に生かす編\n\n例えば、、、、\ncould はできたと訳しがちですが、実際のニュアンスはできたのになぁと言った後悔と仮定が感じられます。\n\nI coud catch the train. \nその電車乗れたのに、、（乗れてない）\n\nI was able to catch the train.\nよっしゃ！乗れた！\n\nみたいな。\n\n\nその他にもたーくさん有ります。\n英語の文法で書き換え問題とかやらされますけどまったく意味ないんですよね。100%同じく意味なんてないですし。よってこういう勉強ができれば読解力が桁違いとなります。\n\n以下、実体験です。\n\n現役時は文法を丸暗記し、文法独立問題だけできるみたいなタイプでした。偏差値も頑張って50。\n\n浪人時、最初の2ヶ月で文法を総さらい。丸暗記ではなく、認知言語学的アプローチ。それ以降は、文法の専門書なので学習、偏差値は75を下回ることなく、80以上もあったり。\n\n大学入試の英語で解けない！というものはあんまりありませんでした。\n\n英語の外部試験、ielts ,toeflなどにもこの勉強は生かされて、TIME誌も苦なく読めるようになりました。また、英語で議論する際の説得の仕方にも応用できるようになりました。\n\n参考になれば幸いです。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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