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19:T14a1,言っていることが多少捉えにくいですのでご注意下さい。あととても長いです…

難しい文章になると単語帳に載ってる言い方から離れた翻訳になることはよくあります。
自分が受験期にしていたことは、概念を意識することでした。単語の概念を意識すると型にはまることもなく文章を多様に訳せるようになります。

では、概念を意識するとはどういうことか。それは、類語を意識することだと思ってください。例えばですが、preventという単語の意味に関して、概念の範疇内で違った言い方(訳し方)をできる限り多く頭に浮かべてください。(限界まで浮かべたら下へ)


















どうでしょうか。恐らく浮かんだ数が多ければ多い人ほど柔軟な翻訳能力が備わっていると思います。

「防ぐ」「阻む」「抑え込む」「押しとどめる」「差し止める」「封じる」「禁じる」「庇う」「助ける」「おかげで〜回避できる」…など、単語帳に載っていない沢山の異なる言い方があると思います。意味の類語から類語へとどんどん連想していくだけで適切な訳が見つかってきます。

「助ける」や「おかげで〜回避できる」などに疑問を持った方も居ると思いますが、例えば、
He prevented me from repeating a year.という文では「彼が留年から私を救ってくれた。彼のおかげで留年しないで済んだ。」などという風に訳したほうが自然です。「彼は私を留年から防いだ。」という様な訳だと意味は通じるけれど翻訳の仕方が下手ですよね。これが臨機応変にその場に合った翻訳ができるということを指すのです。
難しい言い方をしますが、概念とは同類のものから共通部分をぬき出して得た表象であり、類語はその共通部分を帯びた言葉に当たります。場面に応じた翻訳の仕方が上手い人は、単語帳に載っている言い方だけでなく単語の意味を概念で捉えた上でその類語力に力があるのではないでしょうか。(伝わりにくかったらすみません)


また、単語推測に関しては長文のトピックを掴んだ上で文章の流れや文脈、書き手の意思を汲み取って考えてみると知らない単語の意味が推測できますよ。

例えば、形容詞 jubilant を例に文を作ります。

She has jubilant eyes for a perfect score in math. 

この場合、 文脈を見るべきですよね。jubilant という単語は良い意味なのか悪い意味なのかどちらなのでしょうか。それは、for以下を見れば a perfect score から jubilant が良い意味だということがわかりますよね。
「彼女は数学で100点満点を取って嬉しそうな目をしている。」
実際はこのように簡単にはいきませんが、長文の途中で未知の単語が出てきても前後の文脈が理解できれば多少は意味が推測できるはずです。(動詞や形容詞なら意味的にマイナスかプラスかなど)


以上の二点(類語連想、文脈理解)を踏まえて、実践してみましょう。

下記の英文はある料理本に載っている注釈の一部を抜粋したものです。

If your recipe is for a dessert, soup, or other 
item recommended as a side course, please nail down your 
submission includes suggestions for main dishes that it 
would complement.

上手く翻訳できるでしょうか。

ポイントは4つあります。

①nail down
②submission
③suggestions
④complement


submissionとは「提案、提出、投稿」などの意味ですがここではレシピに関する話をしているので、料理そのものを指しますよね。

suggestionsは「示唆」や「暗示」を表しますがこの場合、名詞で訳さず動詞的に「しそう、できそう」と訳した方が適切な翻訳になりますよね。

complementは「を完全にする」などの意味ですがそれだと意味的に通らないので、類語を連想して文脈に当てはめると「を引き立たせる、を映えさせる」とすることができますよね。

最後に、nail downですがこれは以上の3点を理解した後に意味が見えてきます。「〜するようにする」の意味ですが、pleaseやsubmission以降の文からわかるはずです。

従って、和訳は

「お作りになるレシピがデザートやスープなどのサイドメニューでしたらメイン料理を上手く引き立たせられるようご確認下さい。」

となります。



結論何が言いたいかというと、適切な訳を思いつくようにするには類語を連想することが手っ取り早いということです。単語推測に関しては国語的な力も必要ですが(文脈や筆者の言いたいことに対する理解)、鍛錬すれば「あ、今こんなこと言ってるんだな」って勝手に分かってきます。頑張ってください。



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mb-4","children":"すべての回答者は、学生証などを使用してUniLinkによって審査された東大・京大・慶應・早稲田・一橋・東工大・旧帝大のいずれかに所属する現役難関大生です。加えて、実際の回答をUniLinkが確認して一定の水準をクリアした合格者だけが登録できる仕組みとなっています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"leading-loose 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"①単語帳:鉄壁の有用性について②速読力をあげるために"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは！\n私も鉄壁を使っていましたが、細かいところまで完璧にすれば、十分早慶上智に対応できると思います。\nしかし、勘違いしてもらいたくないのは、鉄壁を完璧にしたところで、英文にでてくるすべての単語の意味が分かるわけではないということです。単語をいくら完璧にしたつもりでも、早慶上智レベルでは知らない単語がいくらでも出てきます。あくまで読み取るために最低限必要な単語が不足なく網羅されているものと考えてください。\n速読力を鍛えるためには、構文をきちんと理解することと、一度解いた英文の音読を繰り返すことが必要だと思います。\n早慶上智レベルでは、一文一文が複雑な構造になっているため、一見して意味を読み取ることが難しい文が多いです。東大を志望されていたということで基本的な読み取りはできていると思われるので、「英文解釈の技術100」や「ポレポレ英文読解プロセス50」を使って応用すると良いと思います。\n音読に関しても同じです。始めに解いたときにわからなかった文を分解してみる、またどんどん音読のスピードを上げることで目を素早く動かすことに慣れることで速読の力がつくと思われます。喉が痛くなったら黙読でも良いので、一文一文の構造を説明できるようになるまで行うようにしてください。\nまた分からないことがあれば質問してくださいね。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"早慶の英語の単語がほとんど知ってる状態になるには"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"レベル感、心境合わせて以下の感じでした。\n\nレベル感:\n単語帳、熟語帳のどちらも完璧にすれば長文で困ることはない。東大レベルと言われる単語も積極的に覚えていて、たまにその知識が生かされることもあった。\n正直この単語帳やれば全部早慶無双できるという感じでではなかったが、語幹が似ている単語を学ぶことで知らない単語でもある程度意味を推測することができた。\n\n心境:\nこれくらい単語帳でわからないところは潰したのだから、もし知らない単語出てきたら、それは文脈で理解する、としていました。もちろん、解答をチェックした後は、自分の単語帳に追加して覚えます。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 4-4-1.79-4-4-4zm0 10c-2.67 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英単語の覚え方で悩んでます"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"そんな悩みを解決してくれる単語帳が鉄壁です。\n単語をパーツに分けパーツ毎の意味やニュアンスが乗ってるので単語の成り立ちや語源を理解できます。\n単純暗記ではなく理解して覚えるので忘れ辛いですし似た単語がごっちゃになることも無くなります。\n良くごっちゃになる単語だけ鉄壁に頼っても良いし全ページ読んでも良いと思います。\nとにかく情報量が多くそれでいて無駄な情報がなくしかも東大早慶まで受験レベルなら全大学全学部対応できる語彙レベルです。\nターゲットとは質が段違いなので是非一度書店で手に取ってみてください。\n鉄壁一冊あればもう単語で困ることは無くなります。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 4-4-1.79-4-4-4zm0 10c-2.67 0-8 1.34-8 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overflow-hidden","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"w-full h-full 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"今から新しい単語帳を始めるべきか"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"ななさん、こんにちは\n\n結論から言って必要ないと思います。まず、普通英単語は学校で配られるもので十分で、不十分だと感じるなら鉄壁やパス単準1級などプラスアルファのものを使うといった感じだと思います。\n\n数学一桁で、英語と社会で稼いで東大に行った友達がいますが、彼は鉄壁は持っていましたがそれは貰い物でもともとやるつもりはなかったし、別にやらなくても問題ないと思うと言っていました。(帰国子女というわけでもありません。)\n\nななさんはすでに鉄壁もパス単も大方覚えていらっしゃるようなので、単語力は十分なのではないかと思います。\n\n単語帳を見ているときは覚えていても、問題を解くときに思い出せていないといった場合は本当の意味で覚えられているわけではないので鉄壁やパス単をさらに深く学習するべきでしょう。\n\n単語力不足を感じるのが長文問題なら、文脈から単語を類推することができていないのではないかと感じます。普通長文を解く際は大体の単語を覚えていることを前提として、残りは類推して読むものだと思うので、単語が全てわかる必要はありません。\n\nまた、その他の可能性として、扱っている単語帳が難しいものであるため返って簡単な単語を覚えていないということも考えられるのではないでしょうか。先ほども申し上げた通り鉄壁やパス単はワンステップ高い単語帳ですので、比較的簡単な単語が載っていない可能性があります。(もちろん、以前にターゲットなどを完璧にしたということなら問題ないはずですが、、、)\n\n早慶の英語は細かい知識を問うてくる問題もあるのでそういった点で単語力不足を気にしているのかもしれませんが、そのような問題はいわゆる捨て問に当たると思いますし、解けなくても受かると思います。前述のような問題がないのであれば、他の分野に勉強時間を割くべきだと思います。\n\nただし、他に苦手教科が存在し、英語で満点近く取らなければならない場合は捨て問にすることができないため、なんらかの対策を取る必要があると思います。(そのレベルの対策は私ではわからないため、他の方の回答を参考にしてください。)\n\nこの時期は、勉強不足ではないかと焦る時期だとは思いますが、聞いている限り単語に関しては十分な対策ができていると思うので引き続きがんばってください。応援しています。\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"単語帳を変えるかどうか"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"焦らず自分の単語帳をやり進めて下さい。単語帳は自分に合ったものを完璧にするのが一番良いです。\n\nただ、早慶レベルになると単語帳をどれだけ進めても足りないと思うことがあると思いますので、複数の単語帳を並行することをお勧めします。例えば、単語王を始めるにしても、9:1の割合で単語王と早慶上智の英単語を進めるという形です。つまり、早慶上智の方は完璧な状態で、軽い確認で、単語王をバリバリ進めるというふうな形です。\n\n派生語に関しては、パターンを知りましょう。接頭語、接尾語が付いている形なのか、単語がくっついている形なのか、などのことを考えて取り組んで見て下さい。\n\nuni.pre とかを意識すると意外と予測がついたりします。\n\nこういうのは慣れなので、色んな難単語にぶち当たるとわかるようになります。\n\n早稲田レベルは知らない単語が普通に出てきます。そのわからない単語をどれだけ予測できるかが勝負なので、その力を伸ばしていって下さい。\n\nリンガメタリカや、ロゴフィリアなども最終的にはつかうことがあるかもしれませんよ。\n\n\n応援しています！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"点数を上げるためにやるべきことはなんですか？"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"単語をノートにまとめることは悪いことではないですが、わからない単語があっても先にどんどん進んでいく力をつけることで語彙力不足を解消できる可能性があります。そのために、現代文読解の速度を上げる訓練と重要な点だけを読解しながらあぶり出していく感性を磨く訓練が大切です。\nZ会が出している『現代文キーワード読解』という本があります。\n実際に手にとってもらえれば説明するよりもよくお分かりいただけると思いますが、中には難しめの単語の説明と、その単語が出てくる短めの文章が掲載されています。\nその文章を毎日要約する練習をしてみましょう。一緒に、掲載されている難単語の意味も覚えましょう。\n文章下には、要約の模範解答も載っていますから、上手く要約出来ない場合は、本文を読んだ後に要約文と見比べて、どういったところを残し、どういったところを削っているのかという点をしっかり確認しましょう。\n慶應志望とのことですが、論文試験では学部を問わず要約が頻繁に出されます。\n要約の練習を今から始めておくことは決して悪いことではないはずです。\nそして何より、要約ができるということは、文の要旨と構造を把握する能力が高いということを意味しますから、現代文読解能力の向上に要約練習が有効なことは明らかです。\n結局現文は、解説を聞いて復習の際にそれを上からなぞるだけでは読解力向上は難しいのです。\nまず自分で解いてみる、そしてその上で解答を聞いて現文に向かう際の感性を養っていく必要があります。\n毎日根気よく取り組めば、個人差はあれど必ず感性は磨かれていきます。\n\n受験勉強頑張ってください。慶應でお待ちしています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英文を意味の通った日本語に訳すことができない"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"勉強お疲れ様です。\n\n単語を知っていて、文法も理解しているのに意味不明な日本語訳を作ってしまうと原因としては、現代文が苦手ということが考えられます。そもそも日本語の意味がよく分かっておらず、英語から訳してみたところで、自分でかみ砕けないのかなと。\nもしそうであれば、英単語を少しわかりやすい日本語に変えることをお勧めします。このやり方は私が受験生の時に、塾の先生から教わりました。簡単な例を出すと、例えば「画一的な雰囲気のある」というより、「同じような雰囲気のある」と訳したほうが、ちゃんと理解できている感じがありませんか？単語帳に載っている日本語訳ってどうしても固いというか、漢語調なことが多いので、自分なりに変形してみるのも効果的だと思います。また、もし結構な英語力があるなら、英英辞典を利用してみるのも一つの手です！割と易しめの英語で構成されていることが多い(難しい単語を使って説明すると、それもまた調べなくてはいけない)ので、英語力もつき一石二鳥かもしれません！\n少しでもお役に立てたらうれしいです。応援しています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 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