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1c:T117e,主語の見分け方、難しいですよね。
私が気を付けていたのは、
・『〜て、』の後にくる動作の主語はそれ以前の動作主と同じ人であること
・逆に、『〜ど/ども』『〜ば、』などの後にくる動作主はそれ以前の動作主とは別の人
・尊敬語はより身分の低い者から高貴な人へ、でも天皇などは時々自敬表現を使うのめ注意
・基本的に高貴な人は動かないので、手紙を届けたり何かを運んだり誰かを呼んだりする時の助動詞『す』『さす』は従者への使役のこともある
などです。まだ無意識に手掛かりにしていたものはいくつもあると思いますが、この辺は特に意識していました。
敬語が頭に入ってきているなら、あとはそれをうまく使うことです。

私の場合(一応参考までにいうと、共テ古文は40/50は安定していました)、
まず文脈に沿って読む→大まかな出来事の流れを掴む→意味のわからない部分を文法のルールに従ってよく読み込む
の順で説いていました。

共テって、選択肢が難しいですよね。
些細なニュアンスの違いや順序の違いで誤答となる選択肢も入っていて、問題を読むのにもすごく時間がかかると思います。だから、時間短縮のためにも全体を読んで内容を把握してから問題に入るようにしていました。頭の中で問に対する答えをあらかじめ作っておいてから選択肢を見れば、それに1番近い矛盾のないものが一発で答えとなるからです。問題を解くことを通して「この古文の文章はこういうこと言っていたのか」と理解していく古文の読み方は国立の記述古文向けであり、共テのようなタイプで「あれ？そんなこと言ってるのかな？」「え、こういう意味だったんだ」と考えていくと選択肢から間違った解釈の可能性を広げてしまうので危ないと思ったからです。
とはいえ、まったく意味もわからないのであれば、選択肢から文章の解釈の糸口を探るというのも使える手ではあります。

それから、源氏物語の内容をなんとなくでも通して頭に入れておくというのは、古文に向き合うにあたり大きなアドバンテージになります。当時の人間が当たり前にやりそうなことがなんとなく理解できるようにもなるし、一般的な高校生のなかで源氏物語のキャラや流れを把握している人などほぼいないため自信にも繋がるからです。
いろんな漫画や解説書が出ていますが、私は中田敦彦のyoutubeをオススメします。話が面白いので簡単に頭に入るし、忘れにくいからです。
苦手意識があるととっつきにくさが残るので、源氏物語をなんとなく通してわかっているというアドバンテージを持ってみましょう。私は古文が得意な方でしたが、この方法で自信をつけてから古文で負けなしになりました。

また、質問者さんがどんなふうに思考しているかは分かりませんが、もし古文を法則に従って全て解き切ろうと考えているなら、そこから少し離れてみましょう。私の友達にも理系で古文の苦手な子がいましたが、その人の解き方は全て古文の文法法則に則っていました。一度一緒に解いてみたことがありますが、規則にこだわりすぎて柔軟な受け止め方ができなくなっているようでした。直前の文法がこうだからこうなる、という考えは大事ですが、古文とて日本語の一種なので、言語の不規則な部分を認めてあげることが大事だと思います。文脈で合わないのであれば、その読み方のどこかに齟齬があるはずです。
結局古文も日本語なんだからさ、と良い意味でなめてかかるのも大事です。

長々と書きましたが、何か一つでも参考になることがあれば幸いです。このやり方が正しい、ということはないので、自分に合いそうなものを取捨選択して、古文で点数取ってやってください！
応援しています！2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=6lIiTYIBTqPwDZPuLbYI","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"古文の現代語訳について"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",0,") コメント(",1,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"7/30 12:24"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"古文の読み方"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"古文は得意科目だったので回答します。\n古文は、単語や助動詞の意味などを現代語に置き換えれば、英語などと違い、語順を入れ替えることもなく現代語訳できます。\n当たり前です、同じ日本語なんだから！\nですので、まずは語彙力を身につけてください。\n古文単語は300〜400語が相場で、600語あれば十分すぎるともいわれています。\nそれに、入試で重要になってくる「現代語と異なる意味を持つ古語」などは代表的なものがあるので、まず手始めにそれから覚えていってください。\n\nそして次に、古文を読解していく上で重要なのが助動詞です。\n古典文法は助動詞の意味、接続、活用さえ覚えればマスターできます！\nできなかった文章を一語一語、丁寧に品詞分解してみてください。\nなんとなく適当に読んでいた助動詞の意味を取り違えていた可能性があります。\n\nそしてスラッシュですが、私は品詞分解の際、語の切れ目ごとに線を引いてやっていました。\nあと、読解中も、時制が変わる時や主語が変わる時などにスラッシュを大きく引いていました。\n読解中は、何でもかんでもスラッシュを引くと何が重要な切れ目か分からなくなるので程々に。\n頑張って･:* .\\(( °ω° ))/.: "}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"古典 覚え方"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"慶應の経済学部の者です。\nまず、単語の覚え方から。\n英単語と同じで反復が命です！何度も何度も触れましょう！\n助動詞の覚え方にも繋がる話ですが、ゴロで覚えると覚えやすいです。だから僕のオススメの古文単語張は『古文単語565』です。\nこの単語帳はゴロで古文単語を覚えるというものですが、非常に覚えやすいのでオススメです！\n\n次に助動詞。\n古文における助動詞って死ぬほど重要どすよね。だから特別にいい覚え方を教えちゃいます。\n助動詞にとって重要なことは３つあります。\n❶接続\n❷意味\n❸活用\n\n❷に関してはもう慣れで覚えるしかありません。\n❸も声に出して、リズムで覚えてしまいましょう。\n\n僕が教えるとっておきの方法は❶について。さっきの単語と同じですが、ゴロで覚えます。\n以下のゴロを声に出してよんで覚えちゃってください！\n\n▶︎未然形接続\nらますむさるまじしずむ\n\n▶︎連用形接続\nたけきっ(つ)たぬけ\n\n▶︎終止形接続\nなまべららむめい\n\n▶︎連体形接続\nなりたりごとし段段比的\n\n▶︎已然形接続\nさみしいりか\n\n\n各ゴロについて解説していくと、\n未然〜終止形のゴロはその形に接続する助動詞の頭文字がならんで文(笑？)を成しています。声に出して何度も読むと頭に残ります！(各文字がなんの助動詞を指しているかは自分で調べてください)\n連体形接続はそのまんまです笑！\nなり、たり、ごとし、は全て連体形接続で、それぞれ断定、断定、比況の意味を表します。\n已然形接続は『さみ』が『サ変変格活用の未然形』を指し、『しい』が四段活用動詞の已然形』を指していて、『り』が完了の助動詞『り』を、『か』は完了の『か』を表しています。\n\nどうですか？覚えれそうですか？\n僕もこの方法で覚えて受験を乗り切ったので、是非これで覚えてもらいたいです！\n\nえ？文字が被ってて、接続が紛らわしいやつはどうすればいいかって？\n文字が被っているのは『またなら(また奈良)』で個々で覚えましょう。これぐらいなら覚えられるはずです！\n\n僕が紹介できる方法はこんな感じです！\n古文の勉強の一助になればと思います！^ 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"意訳のコツとは？"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは！東北大学文学部のkitaです！\nお答えさせて頂きます！\n\n自分も、最初のころ参考書の答えを見て、なぜこんなに意訳ができるの？、どこまで意訳をしていいの？、などと思った経験があります。それを踏まえて、お伝え出来たらいいなと思います。\n\nまず、個人の考えとしては、量をこなしても自然にできるようにはならないと思います。\n例えば、使役動詞の\n無生物S+V+O+C\nという、英文が出た時に、多くの高校生は\n「sがoをcさせる｣などと、訳します。\n例で言うと、事故が私を遅らせた、みたいな感じです。訳としてかなり不自然ですよね。\n\nでも、ある情報を知っている高校生は、このように訳します。\n「sによって、oがcする」\n例としては、\n事故によって、私は遅れた\n→事故のせいで、私は遅れた\n\n多くの人は、最初に頭の中で、事故が私を遅らせた、のような訳を作り、それを上手く日本語にしようとします。\nしかし、第5文型が「sによって、oがcする」という情報を知っている人は、一瞬で自然な日本語に訳せます。\n\nこれは、訳す時以外にも、長文を読むスピードが圧倒的に変わります。\n\nこのように、1回情報を知れば、次出てきたら簡単に自分の訳に生かせると思います。\n\n参考書のとしては、\n関先生の「大学入試世界一わかりやすい英文読解の特別講座」をおすすめします。僕自身、この参考書に出会って、英語が好きになりました。\n\nballoonさんの目標が達成されることをお祈りしています。頑張ってください！！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"言語文化の勉強法"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"私は古文漢文が得意だったのでお答えします！\n\n単語はめちゃくちゃ大切です！でもまずは助動詞を覚えましょう！！助動詞が分からないと文脈がとれません。（否定を肯定で取ったり、使役を尊敬で取ったりしてしまうと意味がわからなくなる）\n\n助動詞を覚えるメリットはたくさんあります。\n主語が特定しやすくなる、文脈を掴みやすくなる、共テの文法問題が解けるようになる、品詞分解ができるようになる！！逆に言えば助動詞が分からないと何も分からないということです。\n\n私はブツブツ助動詞を唱えて覚えました。帰り道に「る、らる、す、さす、しむ、ず、じ、む、むず、まし、まほし……」（未然形接続の助動詞すべて）とかつぶやいてました笑 YouTubeにも覚え方を解説した動画があるのでぜひ\n\n私は助動詞を覚えてから品詞分解をするのが大好きになりました笑\n\n\n【私の古文漢文参考書ルート】\n＊古文\nスタサプ古文文法（岡本梨奈）→Z会古文上達（基礎）→共テ演習、過去問演習（単語は日々コツコツ）\n\n＊漢文\n早覚え速答法→共テ演習、過去問演習（句形は日々コツコツ）\n\n古文漢文の魅力は「少しの文法と単語を覚えれば、昔の人と同じ気持ちを共有できる」ことです！！昔の人も「小さいものはかわいい」って思ってたんだ！私と同じ！みたいなそういう発見をしながら勉強していくのが良いと思います。\n\n質問があればお答えします！\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"和歌の勉強法"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"和歌には、「表の意味」と「裏の主張」があり、まず「表の意味」の方を正確にとれなければいけません。ここまでは単純に文法知識、語彙力で到達しておきましょう。\n\n本題の「裏の主張」ですが、これは、まずそこまでの本文の文脈を把握しておくことが絶対です。そうすれば、「表の意味」までとれた時、「裏の主張」は何択かに絞られ、「あなたに会いたい」とか「出会いたくなかった」みたいなのに集約されてきます。\nそして、比喩ですね。頻出の掛詞はマスターしておいて、目に入った瞬間その可能性を考えられるくらいになりましょう。「松」ってきた瞬間「待つ」や！ってなるように。そしてそのほかの自然の現象や、生き物を和歌に入れた意図を把握していかなければなりません。\nこの時点で、おそらく「裏の主張」候補は１つか２つまで絞られているはず。まだ絞りきれない場合は、助動詞などで見落としがある場合が多いので今一度怪しいところを確認しておきます。\n「裏の主張」が取れれば、あとはそれをわかってますよ〜アピールをしつつ問題に答えるだけです。「表の意味」もとれていることが伝わらなければなりませんが、大抵「（表の意味）のように、あなたと（裏の主張）なら良いのに。」みたいに、表の意味をまず先に持ってきてから、裏の主張を書けばうまくまとまることが多いですね。\n\n古文という科目の本質は、この「裏の主張」を読むところであって、文法単語はできて当然と考えましょう（まあできてない人多すぎなのであくまで理想ですが）。ここができるようになってくると、一気に古文が楽しくなりますよ。千尋さんはもう表面的な訳出はできているようですから、この一歩手前まで辿り着いているということです。頑張ってください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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