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1b:T14a1,言っていることが多少捉えにくいですのでご注意下さい。あととても長いです…

難しい文章になると単語帳に載ってる言い方から離れた翻訳になることはよくあります。
自分が受験期にしていたことは、概念を意識することでした。単語の概念を意識すると型にはまることもなく文章を多様に訳せるようになります。

では、概念を意識するとはどういうことか。それは、類語を意識することだと思ってください。例えばですが、preventという単語の意味に関して、概念の範疇内で違った言い方(訳し方)をできる限り多く頭に浮かべてください。(限界まで浮かべたら下へ)


















どうでしょうか。恐らく浮かんだ数が多ければ多い人ほど柔軟な翻訳能力が備わっていると思います。

「防ぐ」「阻む」「抑え込む」「押しとどめる」「差し止める」「封じる」「禁じる」「庇う」「助ける」「おかげで〜回避できる」…など、単語帳に載っていない沢山の異なる言い方があると思います。意味の類語から類語へとどんどん連想していくだけで適切な訳が見つかってきます。

「助ける」や「おかげで〜回避できる」などに疑問を持った方も居ると思いますが、例えば、
He prevented me from repeating a year.という文では「彼が留年から私を救ってくれた。彼のおかげで留年しないで済んだ。」などという風に訳したほうが自然です。「彼は私を留年から防いだ。」という様な訳だと意味は通じるけれど翻訳の仕方が下手ですよね。これが臨機応変にその場に合った翻訳ができるということを指すのです。
難しい言い方をしますが、概念とは同類のものから共通部分をぬき出して得た表象であり、類語はその共通部分を帯びた言葉に当たります。場面に応じた翻訳の仕方が上手い人は、単語帳に載っている言い方だけでなく単語の意味を概念で捉えた上でその類語力に力があるのではないでしょうか。(伝わりにくかったらすみません)


また、単語推測に関しては長文のトピックを掴んだ上で文章の流れや文脈、書き手の意思を汲み取って考えてみると知らない単語の意味が推測できますよ。

例えば、形容詞 jubilant を例に文を作ります。

She has jubilant eyes for a perfect score in math. 

この場合、 文脈を見るべきですよね。jubilant という単語は良い意味なのか悪い意味なのかどちらなのでしょうか。それは、for以下を見れば a perfect score から jubilant が良い意味だということがわかりますよね。
「彼女は数学で100点満点を取って嬉しそうな目をしている。」
実際はこのように簡単にはいきませんが、長文の途中で未知の単語が出てきても前後の文脈が理解できれば多少は意味が推測できるはずです。(動詞や形容詞なら意味的にマイナスかプラスかなど)


以上の二点(類語連想、文脈理解)を踏まえて、実践してみましょう。

下記の英文はある料理本に載っている注釈の一部を抜粋したものです。

If your recipe is for a dessert, soup, or other 
item recommended as a side course, please nail down your 
submission includes suggestions for main dishes that it 
would complement.

上手く翻訳できるでしょうか。

ポイントは4つあります。

①nail down
②submission
③suggestions
④complement


submissionとは「提案、提出、投稿」などの意味ですがここではレシピに関する話をしているので、料理そのものを指しますよね。

suggestionsは「示唆」や「暗示」を表しますがこの場合、名詞で訳さず動詞的に「しそう、できそう」と訳した方が適切な翻訳になりますよね。

complementは「を完全にする」などの意味ですがそれだと意味的に通らないので、類語を連想して文脈に当てはめると「を引き立たせる、を映えさせる」とすることができますよね。

最後に、nail downですがこれは以上の3点を理解した後に意味が見えてきます。「〜するようにする」の意味ですが、pleaseやsubmission以降の文からわかるはずです。

従って、和訳は

「お作りになるレシピがデザートやスープなどのサイドメニューでしたらメイン料理を上手く引き立たせられるようご確認下さい。」

となります。



結論何が言いたいかというと、適切な訳を思いつくようにするには類語を連想することが手っ取り早いということです。単語推測に関しては国語的な力も必要ですが(文脈や筆者の言いたいことに対する理解)、鍛錬すれば「あ、今こんなこと言ってるんだな」って勝手に分かってきます。頑張ってください。



1c:T18c4,質問者様、お疲れ様です。早稲田大学社会科学部の一年生です（自分も世界史選択です。）
英語を武器にしたいとのことですが、仰る通り英語が出来なければ落ちる、英語が出来れば合格がみえてくるのが早慶入試です。そこで自分の経験を交えながら回答していきます。
 
覚えておいてほしいことは英語はやればやるほど伸びる科目です。さぼれ必然的に学力は落ちます。では一体何をやればいいのか。それは単語•熟語、文法、長文読解に帰結します。この三分野が三位一体となって能力を伸ばしていくのです。何当たり前なこと言ってんだと思われるかもしれませんが、実行できている人は少ないです。
 
単語•熟語：ＬＥＡＰという単語帳を使っているそうですが、完璧な状態に仕上がっているのなら素晴らしいです。
厳しい事を良い申し訳ないのですが、本当にその単語帳の全ての英単語を見て、すぐ意味が言えますか？その状態に仕上がったら2冊目に入っても良いと思います。

ちなみに自分は高1から高2まではターゲットを使っており少なくとも30周はしたであろうと思われます。そして高3からはリンガメタリカという単語帳を使って同じく完璧に仕上げました。ここで重要なのは月に3回4回は一冊目の単語帳（自分であればターゲット、質問者様であればleap）も覚えているか総チェックすることです。

人間すぐに忘れます。意味をすぐに言えなかった単語には付箋をつけて後日隙間時間に付箋のところを開き意味を言えたら剥がすというチェック作業を繰り返していました。

熟語は自分は解体英熟語を使っていました。何を使うかは関係ありません。熟語帳は一冊で結構です。単語帳と同じ要領で意味をすぐに言えるまで何度も繰り返してください。

ここでポイント！長文問題の設問（特に穴埋め形式）では英熟語自体が分かれば解ける問題も多数あります。そのため日本語訳だけでなく日本語訳→英熟語という形でも言えることは重要です。

文法:まずはじめに問題演習形式の参考書はネクステ一冊だけで十分です。ましてやまだ高2の11月12月という時期に新たな文法問題集に手を出すのは早計です。というのもネクステは文法問題を幅広く扱った網羅的問題集です。

回答根拠を本当に全て言えますか？答えが自分で思いつくからって解説ページを読み飛ばしていませんか？じっくり解説ページと向き合い紹介されている熟語も覚えてみてください。

そこまで完璧であれば文法演習参考書は必要ありません。

しかし！！

文法概説書を読み込むことは長文読解力を上げる上でも重要です。文法概説書はおそらく学校でも買ったと思われますが、問題集ではなく解説書？（例えば、助動詞、仮定法、不定詞、動名詞などが解説されたもの）のことです。これはごく基礎的なことも含まれますが後半にはasの複数の意味であったり、様々な構文も解説されます。どんなものかわからなければ例えばクラウン総合英語という参考書を大きい書店でパラパラと見てみることをお勧めします。（クラウン総合英語は自分が読んでいたものです。）見てみて、もしお持ちでなければ買ってみてください。

使い方は章ごとにじっくり読み込んでいくだけ。例文も付いているので音読すること。こうした文法概説書を読むことで文法の本質的理解につながり文法問題が解けるだけもなく熟語や構文の知識向上に繋がります。

したがって英文解釈の参考書は必要ありません。

長文読解:多くの受験生が長文が読めないと嘆きます。自分もそうでした。しかし、長文とらは一文一文の集合。一文とは単語と熟語、そして調味料として構文•文法の集合です。

つまり、長文読解が出来ないということは単語、熟語、文法、構文が身についていないということなのです。
長文読解問題をどんどん解いていきたい気持ちは痛いほど分かります。でも、こうした単語、熟語、文法、構文が不足していれば解き進めることに意味はありません。むしろ時間の無駄です。基礎を疎かにしては何事も為し得ません。

学校でどんな長文を扱っているかはわかりませんが、教科書の長文だけでも十分です。文章を理解でき単語熟語構文も含めて納得したら繰り返し音読しましょう。それだけで長文には慣れます。


質問者様は新たな参考書に手を出そうとしていますが、今やっているもので本当に本当に十分です。中途半端になってしまってはいけません。各分野一冊一冊をどれだけ完璧に身につけられるかです。

英検は受けていないので、分かりかねます。申し訳ありません。

とにかく英単語、熟語、文法概説書。こうした基礎を春休み中までに他人の誰よりも完璧にすることです。長文問題を解きまくるよりよっぽど後々役に立ちます。
長文やりたい気持ちは本当に痛いほどわかるけれど、３年になったら過去問で嫌になる程解くことができます。

２年のうちに基礎を固める。長文問題集はやるとしても一冊で十分です。とにかく基礎。

入試でも最後は基礎力なんです。

想いを語るうちに長文になってしまいました。質問者様はすごい努力家だと思います。絶対夢を叶えられます。

健康睡眠に気をつけて一緒に頑張りましょう！！

最後の最後に一言。単語熟語文法概説書。やり込もう。





1d:Tb11,1、付箋勉強法
付箋に書いて目のつくところに貼ります。
まず付箋に書く、という行為で暗記に一歩近づき、その後はいろんなところで目につけることです。トイレとか、階段の壁とか。私は家中に貼ってました笑笑
2、単語の分解
接頭辞の意味を覚えるのも効果的です。
例えば、tribute(与える)に、ad(方向)をつければ、attribute、com(一緒)をつければcontribute、dis(個々に)をつければdistribute、re(後ろ)をretributeです。接頭辞のイメージがあると、つなげてなんとなく覚えられるようになりますし、長文で出てきた時に、少なくともプラスのニュアンスかマイナスのニュアンスかのイメージは持てるので、そのまま読み進められるようになります。
3.訳じゃなくて意味を知る
意外と面白いので英英辞典ひいてみてください。英単語帳や英和辞典に載っているのは和訳であり、意味ではありません。例えば、上に出たcontributeという単語、英和辞典や単語帳では、『貢献する、寄与する』ですが、英英辞典では『to help to make something happen』となっています。contributeの数ある用法の中で、全てを貢献する、で訳していたらおかしなことになります。Stress is a contributing factor in many illnesses.という文で、ストレスは様々な病気に貢献する要因である。と訳したら不自然ですよね。日本語の、貢献する、という言葉には、何かプラスのイメージがありますから、この場合にはそぐわないでしょう。もし、英英辞典で意味を調べていたなら、ストレスは様々な病気を引き起こす要因である。と、訳すことができるようになります。慶應志望となると、入試に和訳問題は出ないかもしれませんが、英語(や古典)は、よく模試などで意訳か直訳か論争が勃発します。予備校情報によれば基本的には直訳で大丈夫ですが、日本語としての意味が不自然だと原点対象になることもあります。だから、意訳ではなく直訳といえる範囲で、単語帳に載っていない単語を和訳に出せるようになるには英英辞典をひくのが一番だと個人的には思っています。英作文でも、この単語はこういう雰囲気の単語だからこの文脈には合わないな、という判断に使えるようになります。
時間がかかるので、気になった単語を一個二個調べるだけでいいでしょう。
長くなりましたが、何か一つでも参考になれば嬉しいです。
英語、頑張ってください💪2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=4ls7hmMBp00JfyF5TuH3","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"単語と熟語"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",5,") コメント(",1,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"5/22 14:03"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"熟語と文法（4択問題）ができるようになりません！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"　文法や英熟語が完成していない状態で長文が順調に読めるということは、分からない文法や英熟語があっても文脈から類推するということが得意なのでしょう。長文読解の才能があるんだと思います。\n　英熟語、英文法の勉強で大事なことは回数をこなすことです。\n　英熟語、単語は寝る前に100単語を3周、起きた直後に、寝る前に見た100単語をもういちど3周すると良いでしょう。寝る前と起きた直後で1セットです。\n　英文法は夏のうちにネクステを3周しましょう。3周やるといっても、全ての問題を3周解くというわけではなく、前の周で間違えた問題のみを解きましょう。1周目は全ての問題を解き、間違えたらチェックをつけましょう。偶然あたった問題にもチェックをつけましょう。チェックは正の字の1画目がおすすめです。2周目以降はチェックがついている問題のみを解いてください。間違えたら正の字の2画目を書いてください。3周目は正の字が2画書かれている問題のみを解きます。以上のように周回すれば3周など一瞬で終わります。5周すれば問題の横に正の字がついた難問のみへと洗練されていくので、オーダーメイドの最高の参考書になります。\n　受験日まで時は迫りつつありますが先述したようにあなたの長文読解能力は秀でているため、努力次第では第一志望校合格は現実になるでしょう。応援してます！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英単語はどこまで正確に覚えるのでしょうか？"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"1.細かく識別できるようになる必要は無いと思います。形容詞と副詞の違いくらいは見分けられた方がいいかもしれません。人科の文法問題などで役に立つと思います。\n\n2.僕はマルにしてました笑\n   気分も良くなりますし笑\n\n3.「一字一句正確に」と書いた意図がわからないのですが、単語の意味がわかることは英文を読む上で前提になることなのでしっかり覚えたほうがいいです。\n\n(見当違いなこと書いてたら教えてください。理解した上でちゃんと答えたいので…)"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 4-4-1.79-4-4-4zm0 10c-2.67 0-8 1.34-8 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mr-2","children":18}],["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M16.5 3c-1.74 0-3.41.81-4.5 2.09C10.91 3.81 9.24 3 7.5 3 4.42 3 2 5.42 2 8.5c0 3.78 3.4 6.86 8.55 11.54L12 21.35l1.45-1.32C18.6 15.36 22 12.28 22 8.5 22 5.42 19.58 3 16.5 3zm-4.4 15.55-.1.1-.1-.1C7.14 14.24 4 11.39 4 8.5 4 6.5 5.5 5 7.5 5c1.54 0 3.04.99 3.57 2.36h1.87C13.46 5.99 14.96 5 16.5 5c2 0 3.5 1.5 3.5 3.5 0 2.89-3.14 5.74-7.9 10.05z","children":[]}]]],"style":{"color":"$undefined"},"height":16,"width":16,"xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs mr-2","children":1}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs rounded-lg border border-text px-4","children":"英語"}]]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"children":["$","div",null,{"className":"bg-caption w-20 h-20 rounded-sm 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英語長文を得意にしたい"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"シス単や解体英熟語ほぼ暗記していて、文法もセンターの問題なら満点とれるレベルであれば全然今の時期悪くはないと思います。\n長文とリスニングが壊滅的で模試の偏差値が伸びないとのことですが、ぶっちゃけリスニングは慶應の入試に出ないですし、あまりリスニングに気を取られすぎないようにしてください。総合的な英語力がついてくればリスニング力もあがるので！\n\n問題は長文ですね。\n単熟語、文法をある程度やったのに、慶應の問題でも模試でも点数が伸びないのは、英文解釈の勉強をしていないからだと思います。\n英文解釈の技術70、その後にポレポレなど段階を踏んで英文解釈の勉強をしてみてください。その後長文をたくさん読んでいけば長文も読めるようになると思います。\n\n英文解釈の勉強法を載せておきます。\n\n構文をとる\nここで構文が取れないところには☆でもつけておきましょう。\n↓\n和訳を必ず書く\n知らない単語も本番同様推測してから。\n↓\n知らない単語を調べる。\n推測があっていたか確認してください。\n↓\n解説、講義\n☆を中心に新しい知識を得てください。\n↓\n単語を覚える\n音読で覚えられるから完璧に覚えられなくても大丈夫。頭に残すくらいのイメージで\n↓\n構文、文法、星マーク、わからなかった単語を意識しながら10回音読。\n読みながら同格だなとかわかればおっけいです。\n↓\n英語から正しい日本語訳が出てくるように意識しながら10回音読。\n↓\n英語を英語のまま理解できるように速めのスピードで10回音読。\n\nここまでやれば、音声を流せば脳内再生で同時に意味がわかるようになります。移動中などにCD音声など流すとさらに良いでしょう。\n\nまたこの後の長文の勉強法ですが、先程「長文問題集の復習」という題名の質問にちょうど答えたところなのでそちらも参考にしてみてください！\n頑張ってください！\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 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