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1b:Tcdf,はじめまして！

意味論から説明すると、O(目的語)はS(主語)の動作(≒V(動詞))の対象になります。一方C(補語)はSの性質だったり属性を示します。
よく言われるのが、補語は主語の説明になるが故に「S=C」、主語の動作の対象が主語自身ということはあまりないので「S≠O」という説明がされます。

次に文法論から説明します。こちらの方が実践的です。
目的語が名詞しか取らないのはご存知の通りです。補語が厄介で名詞と形容詞を取ります。では名詞をとる時と形容詞をとる時に目印があるのかとというとありません。ではどう見分けるのか。
答えは文型です。補語をとる文型は第二分系、目的語をとるのは第三文型(第四、第五は一旦無視します)です。第三文型は多くの動詞を取るのでこれを積極法的に確定するのは難しいですが、実は第二文型をとる動詞は多くないです。すなわち、動詞の後に名詞が来る時、動詞が第二文型を取るならその名詞は補語の可能性大、そうでないなら第三文型となりその名詞は目的語になる、という理解です。
では肝心の第二文型をとる動詞ですが、もちろん自分でしっかり確認して欲しいのですが、以下の通りです。
be, get, go, become, turn, grow, come, keep, 知覚V
ちなみに知覚Vとは五感に関連する動詞らです(lookやsoundなど)。
並びを見て恐らく「自動詞が多い」と感じたかもしれません。実は第二文型をとる動詞は自動詞ということになってます。getやkeepは他動詞も取りますが、第二文型となる時は自動詞になります。すなわち、他動詞として第三文型をとる時と自動詞として第二文型をとる時で意味が変わるので注意です。
その両者で意味がどう変わるか、そして並べた動詞の意味はどうなのかは自分で調べてください笑。自分で調べた方が記憶に残るし、何より説得力が違います。

最後、ついでにM(修飾語)について。
文法論的な説明をすると、Mをとるのは副詞のみです。SVOC以外の要素がこれに分類されます。すなわち、動詞の後の名詞をまずはCかどうか判定して(上述により実は動詞の時点で確定する)、CでなければOとなり、SVOCが確定した後にそれ以外をMとする、という流れです。
意味論的な解釈としては、Mは文章自体あるいはその文章の核(主節)となる動詞を修飾します。一方でOだったりCは文章(≒文型)を構成する不可欠な要素です。そういう意味ではMはなくてもよい要素、なくしても意味が破綻しない要素と言われています。

以上、O,C,Mの説明でした。
もちろんここでの説明はあくまで原則なので、これを読んでおけばなんでも通用するとは思わないでください。これを念頭に置いて1つずつ当てはめていって理解を深めてください。
もっと具体的に聞きたい等あればコメントください！1d:Tdd1,はじめまして！

比較はよくパターン化されて参考書とかに載っていますが、パターン丸暗記してもいざ実践してみると何が何だか分からないですよね。
私はこれといった参考書に出会わなかったので、私なりの理解のコツを紹介させていただこうと思います。

比較を抑えるコツは一旦文法を離れて状況を整理することです。もちろん文法を無視して読み進めていいという意味ではなく、状況を理解してから文法を元に構文を取って解釈していきます。
状況は具体的に①主体、②対象、③項目、④結果の4点で構成されます。詳細は以下に記述しますが、これはあくまで私個人の理解なのであまり鵜呑みにしすぎないでください(特に表現とか)。

まず①主体から。主体は注目されているものです。英文的にいうと主語に当たります。例文を上げると、
      He is taller than me.
      (彼は私よりも背が高い)
でいうHe(彼)です。

次に②対象ですが、比較対象のことです。比較という以上主体となにか別のものを比べています。その何かです。先の例文でいうme(私)です。
ここで注意なのが、主体と対象は概念的に近しいものということです。例えば、私(I, me)と言葉(word)は概念として全く異なるものなので比較されにくいです(状況によってはありうる)。

次に③項目です。項目は採点基準みたいなものです。
例えば先の例文だと、彼を私と比べている訳ですが、どういう点で比べているかということです。ここだと「背の高さ」になります。
先の｢主体と対象が概念的に同じ｣という説明ですが、より正確に言うと「同じ採点ができる｣かどうかです。「彼」と「私」はどちらも「背の高さ」で採点できます。しかし「単語」は「背の高さ」で採点できません(単語という概念に身長はないですもんね)。
逆に言うと、全く異なる概念同士でも同じ採点ができるとしあと対象の関係になれます。例えば、
      His face was more blue than sky.
      (彼の顔は空よりも青かった)
という文において「彼の顔」と「空」は全く異なる概念ですが、「青さ」という採点ができるので主体と対象の関係になってます。

最後に④結果です。これは単純で、採点の結果です。
1番初めの例文でいう、「どちらが背が高かったのか」です。この文だと主体の「彼」の方が背が高かったので、「more tall→taller」となっています。もし私の方が背が高かったら「less tall」になっていたか主体と対象が入れ替わっていました。

以上4点でした。
例文では普通の比較級でしたが、同等比較級や最上級でも同じ考え方で理解できます。同等比較級だと④結果が「同じくらい」となります。最上級だと②対象が集団になります。
この4点を抑える癖をつければ、比較の英文和訳も迷わないかと思います。

もし意味が分からないとかもっと詳しく説明して欲しいとかあればコメントやメッセージください。
これから暑くなっていきますが、負けずに頑張ってください！2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=4T6NbG8BTqPwDZPuwUWk","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"関係代名詞の主格と目的格の違い"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",4,") コメント(",1,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"1/4 2:57"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"長文の速読"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"英語の文には主節と従属節があります。\n例えば、\nI meet my friend who live in America.\n\nこの文での主説は、\nI meet my friend この部分。\n\n従属節は、\nwho live in America.の部分になります。\n\nここで、主節と従属節の役割についてですが、\n\n・主節\n筆者の伝えたいところを表す。(文の中で重要な要素)\n\n・従属節\nそんなに重要度は高くはないが、追加の情報となっています。\n\nこのように関係代名詞やwhen I live in Americaなどのときを表す節は重要度は落ちることになります。\nなので、主節メインで読んで、従属節は力を抜いて軽く読み飛ばす気でも長文の大意は取れてくると思います。\n\n上の例の文でも、筆者によっては、\nI meet my friend. He lives in America.\nともできる訳ですから、この場合はどちらの情報も大事。筆者にとってこのmy friendの存在が重要だよと伝えたいとも取れます。\n\n基本的には、主節のSVをメインに読むことをすれば段落で伝えたい意味などが、わかってくると思います。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 4-4-1.79-4-4-4zm0 10c-2.67 0-8 1.34-8 4v2h16v-2c0-2.66-5.33-4-8-4z","children":[]}]]],"style":{"color":"$undefined"},"height":16,"width":16,"xmlns":"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs","children":["名古屋大学工学部"," ","バーボン"]}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"古文 センス "}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"はじめまして、回答失礼します🙇‍♀️\n\n私は現代文は95%センスで解くものと思いますが、古文はセンスではなく機械的に解くものだと思っています！また、色んなパターンを考えることが出来る力は古文だけでなく他教科でも重要になりますので、大切にしてください✨\n\n主語は古文を読む上で非常に重要です。\nもう一度習ったことを復習してみてください。当てはめれば、必ず解けるはずです。（それで解けない問題は捨て問なので気にする必要はありません）\n\n以下、簡単なポイントです。\n参考までに。\n\n①出典の確認\n古文を読む上で最初に見るべきは『出典』です。\n物語なのか、日記なのか、確認しましょう。\n物語であれば、書いてない主語は主人公\n日記であれば、書いてない主語は筆者\nの可能性が高くなります。\n\nまた、古文は問題文の前に大まかなあらすじや、その分に至る流れが書いてあることが多いので、ここは確実にチェックするようにしてください💪\n\n※出典が有名作品である場合、主人公と周囲の関係性やあらすじなどが書いていない可能性があります。古文常識になりますので、有名作品は大体の流れと重要人物の関係性を知っておきましょう。\n\n②登場人物の確認\n古文において、新たな登場人物が守護になる場合は必ず明記されます。つまり書いてない主語はほぼ必ずそこまでに登場している人物です。\n私は登場人物が出てくると、A、B、Cなど隣に書いて、書いてない主語を考えるときに整理しやすくしていました。\n\nまた、主語の決まりとして『(人物名)、〜』となっている文は、その人物が主語になりますね。他にも『を、に、ば、が』などの助詞では主語の転換があります。ここでは主体→客体へと転換することが多いので、その文で主語が誰に対して動作しているのか考えましょう。\n\n③敬語\n質問者様は単語文法は分かっているとのことですので、敬語も大丈夫だと思います。敬語で相手を見分けられることが多いので、主体、客体など確認する助けにしましょう！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"使役動詞について"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"こんにちは！東北大学文学部のkitaです！\nお答えさせて頂きます！\n\n\nそもそも、SVOCでCが名詞や形容詞では無い時、つまり動詞みたいな（原型やto不定詞）ときはOとCの間に、主述の関係が起こります。\nもっと簡単に言うと、OはSっぽく、CはVっぽくなるのです。（今回は、S´とV´と表記しますね😉）\n\nつまり、例えば\nThe news made me happy.\nという文があったら、\nS＝The news \nV＝ made\nO（S´）＝ me\nC（V´）＝ happy\nとなります。\nこのとき、そのニュースは私を幸せにさせた、だと不自然ですが、Sを副詞っぽく、S´とV´を意識すると、そのニュースにより（のおかげで）私は幸せになった、と自然な日本語になります。\nこれは、使役動詞など第5文型で言えることです。\n\nでは、本題に入ると、①have O 原型、②have O 過去分詞\nについてですが、①の場合、S´とV´が能動の関係（S´がV´する）にあります。逆に、②の場合は、S´とV´が受動の関係（S´がV´される）という感じです。よくある例文だと、②ではOがお金、Cが盗まれたみたいな感じで、受動の関係ですね😉\n\n自分も最初はなかなか理解出来ず苦労したので、とても気持ちが分かります😖\nもし、この回答で少しでもスッキリ出来たら嬉しいです☺️\n\n最後に、浪人できないさんの目標が達成できることをお祈りしています。\n頑張ってください！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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tokyo\"東京に近づく\"なんて簡単に書いてしまいそうです（厳密には自動詞としても使えなくはなさそうなんですが、不適切なことに変わりはありません）。となると、自動詞他動詞の概念はやはり覚えるべきだという結論に達します。適切な言い方かは分かりませんが\n\n　　自動詞＝主語だけで完結する動作を表す\n　　他動詞＝主語が、第三者に影響を及ぼす動作を表す\n　　他動詞＝自動詞＋前置詞　　\n\nというのが私の持っている基本的な考えです。例はご自身で探してみて下さい。見分け方は簡単で、動詞の後ろに副詞以外の語があるかどうかです。といって理解できるかわかりませんが\n、、。\n　いづれにせよ自動詞他動詞の区別を誤りやすい語については単語帳やヴィンテージなどの文法書などにまとめてあることが多いので、ここは私は暗記しました。質問者様はまだ受験まで時間がありますので、今から地道に覚えていけばいづれ思い悩む事もなくなります。しばらくの辛抱です。また、副詞節、名詞節、形容詞的用法、、といった文法用語も一年生のうちに覚えてしまうと、文法書の説明について行きやすくなります。文法用語を覚えることが大事なのではありませんが、知っている方が結局勉強しやすいと私は思っています。是非頑張って下さい。健闘を祈ります。\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 5.79 8 8s1.79 4 4 4 4-1.79 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