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1a:T2799,こんばんは！
こうしんです！

文章の要約について一通り説明しますね。僕の観点ですが、モチベUPにつながると嬉しいです！
・文章要約の意味とは
・文章要約の方法
について説明します！


・文章要約の意味とは

単純に、文章を要約することができる、ということは文章を理解しているということと同義です。なぜなら、文章を要約するとは、「文章を通して作者が伝えたい情報を抽出、または探し出して簡潔な文章にまとめる」作業のことを言います。
なので、文章を要約の練習が今のうちにできていれば、様々な情報を素早く読み取り素早く簡潔な情報にまとめるといった、日常的にも有効なスキルの育成になります。
現在は情報社会ですので、要約が上手くできると、多くの場面で役に立つでしょう。

また他の教科にも応用できます。特に現代文には非常に有効です。要約には文章の構造を素早く読み取る技術が必要なので、その技術を要約で体得してしまえば現代文の構造把握の力になること間違いありません。
さらには記述問題にも役に立ちます。先走った説明になりますが、上記の要約を達成するには「構造の素早い把握と、読み取った情報構造の素早い構造化（文章の構成）」が鍵になります。この後者のスキルが記述問題に生かされます。記述問題は、「分かりやすく正確に」が求められるので、構造化ができればかなり大きな武器になること間違い無いです。

とこのように、「要約」自体に意味があるのではなく、要約のスキル育成に伴う副次的なスキル育成が大きな意味となって、今後の将来に生かされます。

ところが、当たり前ですがこのスキル、非常に難しいです。当たり前です。「構造の把握」と「構造化」というレベルの高い２つの技術を一辺に使うわけですから。
なので、方法論を学ばないまま「要約してきて」と言われたのであれば、その絶望さ加減、心中お察し致します。
後述する方法論が質問者様の参考になれば幸いです。


・文章要約の方法

前述した通り、文章要約は２つのスキル「情報構造の読み取り」、「構造化」のスキルで構成されています。
現代文の要約にも対応できるよう、一つずつ一般的な説明をした後、英語の要約にも触れます。長くなりますが見てもらえると幸いです。

「情報構造の読み取り」
情報構造というのは、一言で言えば文脈です。話の流れです。つまり話がどう展開していくかを把握することがこのスキルの目標です。
ではどう把握するのか？
→文章の構成の基本を学び、文章の構成が何に当てはまるかを考える。ですね。
文章構成の基本とは、「具体抽象」、「因果関係」といった論理の流れを含む話者の技法を、「①なんの目的なのために」、「②どういう情報を含むのか」という点で把握していることです。（各点①②で説明ます）
一つずつ説明していきましょう。

・抽象→具体
①抽象部分の細かい説明のために具体例で説明する形。
②抽象部分のみが大事な情報です。

・譲歩→逆説→主張
①筆者への対立意見を譲歩することによって潰し、自分の意見を強調するのが目的。
②伝えたいことはあくまで主張なので、主張部分のみが大事な情報です。

・対比
①これも対立命題を出すことで、自身の意見を際立たせているのが目的。ただし、自分の意見の説明の中で対比を用いてる場合もあるので注意。
例）主張「科学者と哲学者はどちらも必要」
→どっちも説明する。
②①の前者では、意見だけが重要な情報だが、後者（例の方）は対比関係になっているどちらの情報も重要で、「対比関係」にあること自体重要。

・追加、列挙
①何個かある事例をわかりやすく並べることが目的。
②全部大事。

・因果関係
①因果関係にあることを示すのが目的。（そのまま）
②どちらも大事。ただし因と果と、どっちがどっちなのか把握することが重要。

ですね。これらを把握していきましょう。


「構造化」
構造化は、上で言った文脈の中で、重要なものだけを整理することです。整理する、というのは、論理の再構成、つまり因果関係、対比、列挙を全てわかりやすく構成することです。
これには、日本語で書く場合、接続詞を使うと非常にわかりやすくなります。
例えば、「つまり」を使うと「内容の言い換え」がくるのだということが分かりますし、「それに対して」を使うと、「内容の対比」がくることを意味します。

以下、少しですが、その接続詞を上げていくので参考にしてください。
「言い換え」なら、つまり、言い換えれば、要するに、まとめると。
「対比」なら、一方で、それに対して。
「列挙」なら、第一に、まず、または。
ですね。


では英語の要約について言及していきます。
具体的には「情報構造の読み取り」の英語版の説明を挙げます。
「構造化」については要約のほとんどが日本語なので、上の説明で間に合うので大丈夫だと思います。
英語の「情報構造の読み取り」にはディスコースマーカーを目印にすると分かりやすいです。それも挙げておいたので参考にしてください。

・抽象→具体
もっとも典型的なパターンです。まず抽象的なことをいった後に、具体例などを用いてその抽象的なことを説明していきます。筆者の主張を表す展開パターン２通りのうちの一つです。
例えば、「人間は多様的な動物である。例えば、科学的な物事を深く追求する人もいれば、文学を深く追求する人もいる。こうした考え方に人それぞれ異なっている点でも、その多様性が伺える。」といった文章があれば、一文目の「多様的」を二文目以降で説明していますね。
では、それを表すディスコースマーカーは、example, such as, instanceといった「例えば」を表す言葉ですね。

・譲歩→逆説→主張
コレは日本語の文章でもよく見ますね。「もちろん、君の考え方もある意味では正しい。だが、私の考えは〜だ。」といった文章を、一般化したものです。これは、英語の文章でも非常によく見られ、上のパターンと合わせて筆者の主張を表す展開パターンの２つのうち一つです。
ディスコースマーカーは、譲歩、逆説、主張、それぞれに存在します。
譲歩のマーカーは、though, even if, nevertheless, despite, of courseなどです。
逆接のマーカーは、but, yet, however, still, insteadなどです。
主張のマーカーは、should, must, had better, I think, It is importantなどです。

・対比、言い換え
英語の文章では非常によく見る展開です。なぜなら英語圏では日本語よりも対比を意識しており、文章の主題にしていることが多いです。例えば、「科学と哲学」の対比は京大系の文章でよく見られて有名ですね。
また、対比、言い換えは見つけると大きい利点があります。それは文章の展開が非常に予測しやすくなるという点です。AとBの対比であれば、Aの説明の後にはBの説明が来ると予測できるからです！
よく見られる展開パターンかつ利点が多い「対比、言い換え」は特に注意（意識）して探してください。
ディスコースマーカーは、対比、言い換えに分けて列挙していきます。
対比のマーカーは、while, whereas, on the other hand, by contrast, differentなどですね。
言い換えのマーカーは、In other wordsとコロン、セミコロンなどですね。

・追加、列挙
追加列挙は、同族の単語たちを並列して挙げていくことです。これに関しては、日本語の文章でもよく見ますし作文でも使いますよね。
例えば、「第一に〜」とあれば、「第二」が必ずある、「また」がくれば、同じような内容の文章が来ると予想できますね。
追加、列挙のマーカーは、上の日本語の具体例に対応したものばかりです。なのでここでは軽く挙げますね。まず「第一に」等を表す、firet, in the first place、「また」を表すalso, besides, moreover等ですね。

・因果関係
最後の展開パターンです。対比、抽象→具体に続き大事な展開です。
日本語では、「だから」「そうなると」に対応します。あまり意識はしませんが、英語の長文という読むだけで苦労する文章では、意識すると文章がつかみやすいです。
ではマーカーを紹介していきます。因果関係は、次に「理由、原因」が来るものと、「結果、結論」が来るのと２通りのパターンがあります。
前者は、because, since, result from, on account ofなどですね。
後者は、so, therefor, thus, hence, then, cause, result inなどですね。

説明は以上です。お疲れ様でした！
要約は大変ですがリターンが大きいです。頑張ってください！2:["$","main",null,{"className":"px-4 pt-4 pb-4","children":["$","div",null,{"className":"max-w-3xl mx-auto w-full","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-8","children":["$","$L7",null,{"href":"https://unilink-app.onelink.me/isbO/h6xeh63x?advice=2hm0aWsBTqPwDZPuVvZh","target":"_blank","children":["$","$L8",null,{"src":"/images/web_to_app_banner.jpg","width":3660,"height":1500,"sizes":"100vw","style":{"width":"100%","height":"auto"},"alt":"UniLink WebToAppバナー画像","className":"mb-4 rounded"}]}]}],["$","h1",null,{"className":"text-xl font-semibold mb-2","children":"文章の要約"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex justify-between mb-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"text-left text-xs text-caption","children":["クリップ(",5,") コメント(",1,")"]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-right text-xs text-caption","children":"6/18 17:29"}]]}],["$","div",null,{"className":"coach-mark 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mb-1","children":"なさん、こんにちは☺️\n一橋大学商学部の〆さばです。\n\n根本的な話になってしまいますが、宿題であればめんどくさがらずにやりましょう　笑\n\nでは、100字要約は必要かという話をしますが余裕があれば取り組むほうが良いと思います。例えばですが推薦などで小論文を使う可能性がある、もしくは一橋（自分の大学の宣伝では決してありませんよ　笑）のように国語の入試で要約が課されるような大学を志望する可能性があるなら積極的に取り組むべきです。\n要約とは文章中から要素を抜き出してくるというものですが、上達するには数をこなして慣れるしかないです。ですが、要約力が上がれば文章の理解力が上がったり、文中の要旨を簡単に見つけやすくなります。端的に言えば、これまで部分点しかもらえていなかったのに満点回答を作りやすくなるといった感じですかね。\n\n\nさて、要約のやり方ですが、前述した通り文章中から要素を抜き出すだけです。あくまで感覚的な話で申し訳ないのですが、１〜２段落に１つは要約に使う要素があると思ってください。（これは文章の内容、文字数によって異なります）まずは要素を見つけて、それらの要素を接続詞などで繋いで文章化する作業が要約です。要約問題は基本的に解答に含まれる要素の数で採点されます。ですからできるだけ余計な文字数を使わず、要素を入れ込みましょう。加えて、例や抽象的な表現などは要素には基本はいらないので削るか、言い換えている箇所を探してみてください。\n\n\n基本的に現代文の点数が安定して高い人は意識的または無意識的に段落のざっくりとした内容を捉えています。（例えば、この段落はこういうことを言っているんだな　という感じです）１００字要約もプロセス的には同じようなものです。\n\n\nこういう表現が適切かはわかりませんが慣れてくれば作業的な感覚でできるようになるので是非やってみてください。\n\n\n質問等あればお気軽にどうぞ^_^\n\nコロナの影響で色々大変ですが、勉強頑張ってください！\n"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"開発講座 要約について"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"開発講座の要約の解説はかなーり丁寧なので、よほど時間がないとかでないなら全てやるべきだと思います。\n要約は文章全体からより重要な点を自分で見つけ出し、再構成する作業なので仮に上手くできなくても、考えているだけでかなり力が付きます。なので、要約自体の良し悪しはもちろんうまいに越したことはありませんが、そこまで深刻に捉えすぎなくても大丈夫ですよ。\n開発講座であれば、既に一度要約を行なっていると思います。なので二回目を行う時に、一回目で読んだ解説を思い出しながらより模範解答に近い要約を書けるように頑張ってください。\n要約で大切なのは具体と抽象の読み分け、対比構造をしっかりと把握する事などです。\nただ漠然と本文を読み直してまとめるのではなく、ここはしっかりと読むべきところなのか、はたまた飛ばし読みしても良いところなのかなど試験本番を意識して読んで、要約してみてください。そうすれば、必ず現代文の力が伸びると思います。\n参考になれば幸いです、頑張ってくださいね！"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"早稲田・文学部　英文要約について"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"お疲れ様です‼️また回答失礼しますね。\n\n要約のポイントは、\n無駄なことを書かない！\n話の核だけを抜き出すことです！\n\n無駄なこととは主に具体例です。\n話の核とはそれを加えなければ話が通じない、本筋通りにいかないものです。\n\nこれを理解できるようになるには、「論理的読解」力をつけなければなりません。\n論理的読解とは、文章の構成を理解し内容がわかることをいいます。構成を理解しているならば自分で内容を予測できる力とも言えます。\nex \n1段落目は一般論、導入、逆説してから主張、簡単な理由。\n2段落目で例や意見。\n3段落目で逆説や反対意見、例。\n4段落目でそれに対する意見や反論、データ。\n5段落目で主張の反復。\nといったくらいに受験の長文は綺麗な構成になっています。\n\n練習の段階で1度ゆっくり読んで、段落ごとに要約、そして役割を書き出してください。また、その役割を示す単語にも注意してください。(ディスコースマーカー)\n\n例えば、ButやHoweverの前後をみると、前には一般論、後ろには主張が来るとこが多いです。(特に大文字Butはほぼそう)\n\nというのも逆説をつかう利点は説得性を上げるためにあります。1度一般的な意見、みんなが信じ込んでいることを否定することで説得力を上げています。\n\nと言った具合に段落、文の役割を理解して何が重要かそうでないかを要約問題に限らず意識してみてください。\n私は要約問題がありませんでしたが、やった長文を要約していました。\n\n参考書や添削サービスですが、『英文解釈要約精巧』など人気がありそうですね。色々調べて書店で手に取ってみてください。また、個人メッセージで書いたものを送っていただければ時間の許す限りいつでも見てアドバイス出来るものはします。宜しかったらどうぞご活用ください。\n\nそれでは頑張ってください‼️"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 2H6c.23-.72 3.31-2 6-2m0-12C9.79 4 8 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"英文　要約"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"英文要約、難しいですよね…\n\n私も昨年度、本当に要約ができなくて、質問者さんと同じように、ここで質問しました。そうしたら、要約はみんなできないのでそこまで気にしなくていいから、他の大問に時間を割いた方がいいかも、というような内容を言っていただきました。\n\n私は対策の仕方を教えてもらいたかったんだけど…と最初は思ったのですが、結局そうなんですよね。もちろんあの問題が得意な方もいると思いますが、ぶっちゃけ要約ではそこまで差がつかないです。むしろ大問2や3の方が、配点も高いと言われていますし、対策をしたらその分伸びやすいです。\n\n一応私が意識していたポイントをお伝えします。文・文構の要約問題で大切なのは、“自分の言葉で”という点です。文章中に出てきた単語を全く使ってはいけない、という意味ではないのですが、その文章の中で特別な使い方をされていたり、カンマで囲われていたりする単語などは、言い換えなくてはなりません。これが結構難しいので、日頃から文章の言いたいことを自分の言葉でまとめる練習を重ねるなどの対策が有効かと思います。\nイディオムを覚えておくと語数を短くおさめることが可能なので、おすすめです！\n\nただ、要約は時間をかけた分だけ伸びる、ということが少ない気がします。私自身、塾の先生に添削をお願いしていましたが、やっとマシになったかな"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"現代文の克服のために新聞を読もうと思います"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"新聞でよく教材にされているのは朝日新聞の天声人語でしょうか。また、自分の志望分野に触れて入学後苦労しなくて済むように、1面の他に政治面、経済面、社会面なども読んでみてはいかがでしょうか。ただ、私が教わって来た現代文の先生達は皆「この文章は新聞記者が書いたものだから下手で気になる」というようなことを折にふれて言っていたので、新聞を教材にするのは少し怖いかなとは思います。\n私が一番記述力がついたと思ったのは、問題演習として解いた文章を50字で要約することです。50字だととても短いので主題を限界まで削ぎ落として、より短い言葉に言い換えて、と自分の国語力を全部注ぎ込まないと出来ません。最初は時間がかかりますが、確実に力がつくのでおすすめです。問題集によっては解説に要約がついていることもありますし、正しく要約出来ているかわかりやすいと思います。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex mb-1","children":[["$","svg",null,{"stroke":"currentColor","fill":"currentColor","strokeWidth":"0","viewBox":"0 0 24 24","className":"text-subPrimary mr-1","children":["$undefined",[["$","path","0",{"fill":"none","d":"M0 0h24v24H0V0z","children":[]}],["$","path","1",{"d":"M12 6c1.1 0 2 .9 2 2s-.9 2-2 2-2-.9-2-2 .9-2 2-2m0 10c2.7 0 5.8 1.29 6 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items-center py-4","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"flex-1 mr-3","children":[["$","div",null,{"className":"mb-1","children":"点数を上げるためにやるべきことはなんですか？"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"text-xs text-caption line-clamp-2 mb-1","children":"単語をノートにまとめることは悪いことではないですが、わからない単語があっても先にどんどん進んでいく力をつけることで語彙力不足を解消できる可能性があります。そのために、現代文読解の速度を上げる訓練と重要な点だけを読解しながらあぶり出していく感性を磨く訓練が大切です。\nZ会が出している『現代文キーワード読解』という本があります。\n実際に手にとってもらえれば説明するよりもよくお分かりいただけると思いますが、中には難しめの単語の説明と、その単語が出てくる短めの文章が掲載されています。\nその文章を毎日要約する練習をしてみましょう。一緒に、掲載されている難単語の意味も覚えましょう。\n文章下には、要約の模範解答も載っていますから、上手く要約出来ない場合は、本文を読んだ後に要約文と見比べて、どういったところを残し、どういったところを削っているのかという点をしっかり確認しましょう。\n慶應志望とのことですが、論文試験では学部を問わず要約が頻繁に出されます。\n要約の練習を今から始めておくことは決して悪いことではないはずです。\nそして何より、要約ができるということは、文の要旨と構造を把握する能力が高いということを意味しますから、現代文読解能力の向上に要約練習が有効なことは明らかです。\n結局現文は、解説を聞いて復習の際にそれを上からなぞるだけでは読解力向上は難しいのです。\nまず自分で解いてみる、そしてその上で解答を聞いて現文に向かう際の感性を養っていく必要があります。\n毎日根気よく取り組めば、個人差はあれど必ず感性は磨かれていきます。\n\n受験勉強頑張ってください。慶應でお待ちしています。"}],["$","div",null,{"className":"flex 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